B1 Course Guide: Prepositions
Consolidated guide to German prepositions for telc B1: place/direction and temporal prepositions, genitive prepositions, the Wechselverb PDTA/SDMA case rules, the combined list of verbs with fixed prepositions, and the wo(r)-/da(r)- system.
Prepositions
This guide consolidates every preposition-related grammar point taught across the B1 course: place and direction prepositions (including vacation/travel vocabulary), temporal prepositions, the three genitive prepositions, the two case rules that apply to verbs with two objects or fixed prepositions (PDTA and SDMA), the combined reference list of verbs with fixed prepositions, and the wo(r)-/da(r)- question/reference-word system.
Place / Direction Prepositions
The three preposition categories (case overview)
Every German preposition falls into one of three fixed groups:
| Category | Members | Case |
|---|---|---|
| Always Akkusativ | für, um, durch, bis, ohne, gegen, entlang | Akkusativ |
| Always Dativ | aus, bei, mit, nach, von, zu, seit, ab, gegenüber | Dativ |
| Wechsel (two-way) | an, auf, in, hinter, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen | Dativ (stationary) / Akkusativ (movement) — see SDMA below |
Going places: in / nach / zu / durch / an...vorbei / bis (zu) / gegenüber / bei
| Preposition | Case | Used for |
|---|---|---|
in |
Wechsel | entering a closed space (school, cinema, fitness studio, supermarket, restaurant); also countries that have a gender/article (die Schweiz, der Iran, die USA) |
nach |
Dativ (fixed) | big cities and countries without an article (Deutschland, Indien); also "after" |
zu |
Dativ (fixed) | going to a place in general, or to a person/profession, with no emphasis on entering |
durch |
Akkusativ (fixed) | moving through an (often enclosed) space — a tunnel, a park |
an...vorbei |
Dativ | passing by something without stopping |
bis |
Akkusativ, no article | a general endpoint along a path — there may be more route/time beyond it |
bis zu |
Dativ (zu forces dative) | the definitive end point — nothing continues beyond it |
gegenüber |
Dativ | "opposite of / across from" |
bei |
Dativ (fixed) | being "at" a person's place or profession (bei dem Arzt = at the doctor's) |
Examples:
- Ich gehe ins Kino. / Ich gehe in den Supermarkt. (closed spaces →
in) - Ich gehe nach Deutschland. (country, no article →
nach) - Ich gehe in die Schweiz. / Ich gehe in den Iran. (countries with an article →
in+ Akkusativ) - Ich gehe zum Arzt. / Ich gehe zum Chef. (to a person/profession)
- Ich gehe am Supermarkt vorbei. → I'm passing by the supermarket without stopping.
- Ich gehe durch den Park.
- Die Bank ist gegenüber dem Supermarkt. / gegenüber vom Supermarkt. (both acceptable)
- Gehen Sie bis zur Kreuzung, und dann links. → Go to the intersection, then left. (
Kreuzungalways pairs withbis zu) - Er ist bis zum Abend hier. → He is here until the evening.
Note: in and zu can sometimes both work for the same destination — in implies you went
inside; zu is neutral about whether you entered. Neither is "wrong."
Vacation/travel prepositions (water, islands, forests, cities, countryside)
All of these are Wechsel prepositions — Dativ when stationary, Akkusativ when there's movement (see SDMA below). The preposition itself is fixed per noun/place type; only the case shifts.
| Place type | Nouns | Preposition | Movement (Akk.) | Stationary (Dat.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water bodies | der Strand, das Meer, der/die See, der Fluss | an |
Ich gehe an den Strand/ans Meer/an den Fluss. | Ich bin am Strand/am Meer/am Fluss. |
| Islands | die Insel | auf |
Ich gehe auf die Insel Rügen. | Ich bin auf der Insel Rügen. |
| Forest/mountains | der Wald, der Berg, das Gebirge | in |
Ich gehe in den Wald/in den Berg/ins Gebirge. | Ich bin im Wald/im Berg/im Gebirge. |
| City | die Stadt | in |
Ich gehe in die Stadt. | Ich bin/lebe in der Stadt. |
| Countryside | das Land | auf |
Ich gehe auf das Land. | Ich bin/lebe auf dem Land. |
Notes:
der See(masculine) = lake;die See(feminine) = sea — gender changes the meaning.- If you name an island without the word "Insel," use plain
nach: Ich gehe nach Rügen. in den Urlaub gehen(Akkusativ) is a fixed idiomatic movement expression — you don't literally "enter" a vacation, but German still applies Akkusativ as if it were a destination. Contrast with the temporal useim Urlaub sein(Dativ, stationary state of being on vacation).
Temporal (Time) Prepositions
Core rule: Wechsel prepositions default to Dativ for time
The stationary-vs-movement (wo? vs. wohin?) test that governs Wechsel prepositions for place
does not apply to time expressions. Time has no physical movement, so whenever a Wechsel
preposition (an, in, vor, bis zu, etc.) is attached to a point or duration in time, German
always uses Dativ — even in a sentence that otherwise looks like it involves movement.
- Ich gehe in die Schule. (Akkusativ — physical movement into the building) vs.
Ich gehe am Montag ins Kino. — the time part (
an + dem Montag → am Montag) is Dativ even though "going to the cinema" sounds like movement. - Ich gehe im Juli in den Urlaub. → contrast within one sentence:
im Juli(Dativ, time) butin den Urlaub(Akkusativ, fixed idiomatic movement expression).
Fixed Dativ prepositions used for time
These are Dativ everywhere (not just with time), so no Wechsel reasoning is needed:
| Preposition | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
seit |
since / for (duration up to now) | Ich lerne seit einem Jahr Deutsch. → I've been learning German for a year. |
nach |
after | Nach der Schule gehe ich zur Party. → After school I'm going to the party. |
ab |
from ... onwards | Ab nächster Woche habe ich Ferien. → From next week I have holidays. |
Wechsel prepositions that become Dativ for time
| Preposition | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
in → im (in + dem) |
months / seasons | im Juli, im Winter |
an → am (an + dem) |
days of the week | am Montag |
vor |
before / ago | Ich habe vor einer Woche ein Buch gelesen. → I read a book a week ago. |
bis zu → bis zum/bis zur |
until/up to a point in time (zu forces Dativ) | Ich habe meinen Urlaub bis zum September. → My vacation lasts until September. |
bis vs. bis zu
- bis (alone, Akkusativ, no article) — a general endpoint that could be anywhere along a path/timeline; there may still be more beyond it. Used for directions: "go until/up to the school."
- bis zu (Dativ) — the endpoint is the actual end; nothing continues beyond it. Use this for the true end of a road, intersection, or time period.
- Time example: Ich habe meinen Urlaub bis zum September. (the vacation truly ends there)
Genitive Prepositions
Genitive prepositions take the following noun in the genitive case (masculine/neuter nouns add
-(e)s; feminine/plural nouns use der). The core set is wegen, trotz, während, innerhalb,
außerhalb.
| Preposition | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
wegen |
because of / due to | wegen der Technologie → because of [the] technology |
trotz |
despite | (trotz + genitive noun; trotzdem is the related connector, not a preposition) |
während |
during / while (simultaneity) | während des Unterrichts → during class |
innerhalb |
within (time or space) | innerhalb einer Stunde → within an hour |
außerhalb |
outside / beyond (time or space) | außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten → outside business hours |
Genitive ending pattern:
- der Unterricht (masc.) → während des Unterrichts (add
-s) - die Prüfung (fem.) → während der Prüfung
- das Land (neut.) → innerhalb des Landes
- die Geschäftszeiten (plural) → außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten
Examples:
- Du darfst während der Prüfung nicht sprechen. → You may not talk during the exam.
- Wir haben alles innerhalb einer Stunde fertiggemacht. → We finished everything within an hour.
- Es gibt viele Berge innerhalb des Landes. → There are many mountains within the country.
- Sie können außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten anrufen. → You can call outside business hours.
- Bitte parken Sie Ihr Auto außerhalb des Geländes. → Please park your car outside the premises.
während: preposition vs. connector
während can be either a genitive preposition (governs a noun) or a connector (joins two
clauses) — both mean "while/during." Test: if a full clause with its own conjugated verb follows,
it's a connector; if a genitive noun (or nominalized verb) follows, it's a preposition.
- As preposition: Während des Aufräumens höre ich Musik. → During the cleaning, I listen to music. (Aufräumen nominalized and genitive: des Aufräumens)
- As connector: Ich höre Musik, während ich mein Zimmer aufräume. → I listen to music while I clean my room. (full clause, verb aufräume at the end)
bei can informally express a similar "while X-ing" sense (Beim Putzen höre ich Musik.), but
bei is a Dativ preposition, not genitive — don't confuse the two.
Wechselverb PDTA and SDMA Rules
Two distinct case rules both involve "Wechsel" (alternating) logic — keep them separate.
PDTA — for verbs with a person AND a thing as objects
Certain verbs (erklären, erzählen, antworten, schreiben, kaufen, singen, etc.) naturally
take two objects: a person and a thing.
Rule: PDTA — Person → Dativ, Thing → Akkusativ.
- Ich schreibe meiner Mutter einen Brief. → I am writing my mother a letter. (Mutter = person → Dativ meiner Mutter; Brief = thing → Akkusativ einen Brief)
- Ich erzähle meinem Bruder eine Geschichte. → I am telling my brother a story. (Bruder → Dativ meinem; Geschichte → Akkusativ eine)
- Ich singe meiner Schwester ein Lied. → I am singing my sister a song.
Pronoun replacement and word order (N-D-A family of rules):
- Both objects as nouns → N-D-A order: Die Lehrerin erklärt den Kindern die Aufgabe.
- Both objects as pronouns → order flips to Akkusativ-before-Dativ: Sie erklärt sie ihnen. → She explains it to them.
- One pronoun + one noun → the pronoun always comes first, regardless of its case: Die Lehrerin erklärt ihnen die Aufgabe. / Die Lehrerin erklärt sie den Kindern.
SDMA — for Wechsel prepositions (place)
Rule: SDMA — Stationary → Dativ, Movement → Akkusativ.
- Ich lege mein Handy auf den Tisch. → I'm placing my phone on the table. (movement → Akkusativ)
- Das Handy liegt auf dem Tisch. → The phone is lying on the table. (no movement → Dativ)
- Die Katze geht hinter das Sofa. → The cat is going behind the sofa. (movement → Akkusativ)
When a sentence contains both a verb and a Wechsel preposition, the preposition's SDMA rule wins, regardless of what the verb alone might suggest.
Why PDTA and SDMA never compete
PDTA governs Wechsel verbs with two objects (person + thing). SDMA governs Wechsel prepositions (an, auf, in, hinter...) describing place. They apply to different sentence elements and don't conflict — except that verbs with fixed prepositions (next section) override SDMA entirely when a Wechsel preposition happens to be the verb's fixed partner.
Verbs with Fixed Prepositions (Feste Präpositionen)
A large class of German verbs (the B1 course book lists roughly 70, expanding to several pages by B2) pair with one fixed preposition whose case is also fixed — neither the preposition nor its case can be derived from SDMA/PDTA logic, and the preposition frequently does not match the literal English translation. Misusing the preposition is marked wrong on the exam even if the rest of the sentence is correct.
Key facts:
- If a fixed-preposition verb happens to use a Wechsel preposition (auf, an, über, in...), the case
is Akkusativ about 90% of the time; a smaller set (e.g.
teilnehmen an,glauben an) take Dativ as exceptions that must be memorized individually. sich freuen aufandsich freuen überare both Akkusativ, even though neither sentence involves movement — proof that SDMA does not apply once a preposition is fixed to a verb.- Some fixed-preposition verbs are optional — the preposition only appears when there's a
concrete object for it to attach to. E.g.
aufpassen auf + Akk.("to watch over") needsaufwhen a noun object follows (Man muss auf seine Kinder aufpassen), but dropsaufwhen adass-clause follows instead (Man muss aufpassen, dass sie nicht giftig sind) — there's no noun foraufto attach to. Likewisesprechencan stand alone (Ich spreche.) withoutmit/über. - Fixed prepositions also attach to some adjectives (e.g.
interessiert sein an + Dativ) and nouns (e.g.Angst haben vor) — this is officially a B2 expansion, but a few high-frequency examples surface at B1. Don't confuse these with verb-with-fixed-preposition items. - Easily confused near-synonyms, each taking a different preposition/case:
leiden an + Dativ(to suffer from a disease) vs.leiden unter + Dativ(to suffer under/because of, e.g. stress).denken an + Akk.(a brief, passing thought) vs.nachdenken über + Akk.(to ponder/deliberate at length — neveran).schreiben an + Akk.(writing to a person) vs.schreiben über + Akk.(writing about a topic).erzählen von + Dativvs.erzählen über + Akk.(both ≈ "to tell about";vonis the more standard choice).bestehen aus + Dativ(to consist of) vs.bestehen auf + Dativ(to insist on).begegnen + Dativ(to meet by chance/unplanned, more formal) vs.treffen + Akk.(to meet, everyday/planned).mitmachen an + Dativ(to participate in) vs.weitermachen(no preposition — to continue).
Combined reference list
Verb + fixed preposition + case + English meaning, merged and deduplicated from every class drill in the course (videos 19, 20, 22, 27, 35):
| German verb + preposition | Case | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| abhängen von | Dativ | to depend on |
| ausgehen von | Dativ | to proceed from / to assume |
| (sich) basieren auf | Dativ | to be based on |
| sich heranwagen an | Akkusativ | to dare to approach/tackle |
| sich amüsieren über | Akkusativ | to be amused about |
| sich anpassen an | Akkusativ | to adapt/adjust to |
| sich ärgern über | Akkusativ | to be annoyed about |
| sich aufregen über | Akkusativ | to get upset/worked up about (works for people or things) |
| sich auskennen mit | Dativ | to be familiar/well versed with |
| sich basieren auf | Dativ | to be based on |
| sich bedanken bei | Dativ | to thank someone |
| berichten über | Akkusativ | to report on/about |
| beruhen auf | Dativ | to be based on / rest on |
| sich beschäftigen mit | Dativ | to occupy/busy oneself with |
| sich beschweren über | Akkusativ | to complain about |
| bestehen aus | Dativ | to consist of |
| bestehen auf | Dativ | to insist on |
| sich beteiligen an | Dativ | to take part in |
| denken an | Akkusativ | to think of/about (brief, passing thought) |
| nachdenken über | Akkusativ | to ponder/deliberate about (always über, never an) |
| deuten auf | Akkusativ | to point to / indicate |
| sich eignen für | Akkusativ | to be suitable for |
| sich einigen mit ... auf | Akkusativ | to agree with someone on something |
| sich einsetzen für | Akkusativ | to take a stand for / advocate for |
| sich entscheiden für | Akkusativ | to decide for/on |
| sich entschuldigen für | Akkusativ | to apologize for (something) |
| sich entschuldigen bei | Dativ | to apologize to (someone) |
| sich erholen von | Dativ | to recover from |
| sich erinnern an | Akkusativ | to remember (something/someone) |
| sich erkundigen nach | Dativ | to inquire about |
| erzählen von | Dativ | to tell/narrate about (standard choice) |
| erzählen über | Akkusativ | to tell/narrate about (also possible) |
| führen auf | Akkusativ | to lead to / attribute to |
| sich freuen auf | Akkusativ | to look forward to (future event) |
| sich freuen über | Akkusativ | to be happy about (already happened) |
| sich gewöhnen an | Akkusativ | to get used to |
| gehören zu | Dativ | to belong to |
| sich handeln um | Akkusativ | to be a matter of / concern |
| sich interessieren für | Akkusativ | to be interested in |
| kämpfen für / gegen | Akkusativ | to fight for / against |
| klicken auf | Akkusativ | to click on |
| sich konzentrieren auf | Akkusativ | to concentrate on |
| sich irren in | Dativ | to be mistaken about |
| leiden an | Dativ | to suffer from (a disease) |
| leiden unter | Dativ | to suffer under/because of (e.g. stress) |
| mitmachen an | Dativ | to participate in |
| schreiben an | Akkusativ | to write to (a person) |
| schreiben über | Akkusativ | to write about (a topic) |
| sich merken | — (reflexive Dativ pronoun) | to memorize / commit to memory |
| sorgen für | Akkusativ | to ensure / take care of |
| suchen nach | Dativ | to search for |
| teilnehmen an | Dativ | to participate in |
| träumen von | Dativ | to dream about/of |
| vertrauen | Dativ | to trust |
| sich vorbereiten auf | Akkusativ | to prepare for |
| warten auf | Akkusativ | to wait for |
| zukommen auf/zu | Dativ | to approach / come up to someone |
Notes on coverage and minor drill inconsistencies: sich erinnern an is consistently Akkusativ
(one drill listed "an/Dativ" but this is the well-established Akkusativ exception form);
sich freuen auf/über is always Akkusativ (one recap line said "Dativ" — almost certainly a
mis-hearing/transcription slip, corrected here). When two case options appear for the same verb
(e.g. erzählen von/über), both are genuinely usable with a slight nuance difference noted above.
wo(r)- / da(r)- Words
These replace was + preposition (which is not used in German) for things, and provide a way
to refer back to something already mentioned without repeating the noun.
Asking about people vs. things
- For people:
Präposition + wen(Akkusativ) orPräposition + wem(Dativ) — preposition stays separate from the question word.- Auf wen freust du dich? → Who are you looking forward to?
- Mit was für einer Person sprichst du? (separate "was für" pattern, not part of wo(r)-/da(r)-)
- For things:
wo(r) + Präposition— neverwas + Präposition.- Worauf freust du dich? → What are you looking forward to?
- Wovon träumst du? → What are you dreaming about?
- Worüber sprecht ihr? → What are you talking about?
The -r- insertion rule
Insert -r- between wo/da and the preposition only if the preposition begins with a
vowel (including umlauted vowels a/e/i/o/u) — purely for pronunciation.
Vowel-initial preposition (+ r) |
Consonant-initial preposition (no r) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Question word | worauf, woran, worüber | wovon, womit, wofür |
| Reference word | darauf, daran, darüber | dafür, damit, davon |
da(r)- as a back-reference (vs. preposition + pronoun for people)
da(r)- refers back to a non-living/abstract antecedent already mentioned. When the
antecedent is a person, use a normal preposition + personal pronoun instead.
- Ich habe einen Fehler gemacht. Ich entschuldige mich dafür. → I made a mistake. I'm apologizing
for it. (thing →
dafür, norsincefürisn't vowel-initial) - Es gibt einen Wettbewerb. Ich nehme daran teil. → There is a competition. I'm participating in
it. (
teilnehmen an+ Dativ;anis vowel-initial →daran) - Lara hat den Anruf bekommen, auf den sie eine Woche lang gewartet hat. → "the call she'd been
waiting for" — non-living antecedent →
warten aufbecomes darauf. - Contrast — person antecedent: Die Firma hat sich für sie entschieden. → "for her" stays für sie (preposition + personal pronoun), not a da(r)-compound, because the antecedent is a person.
- Contrast — person antecedent: Sie hat lange mit ihr telefoniert. → mit ihr, not a da(r)-compound, since "ihr" refers to a person.
Important caveat: a da(r)- construction only makes sense with prior context — it cannot
open a sentence/exam answer with nothing for "it" to refer back to.
Source Videos
- video-01-notes.md — place prepositions (in/nach/zu/an...vorbei/durch/gegenüber/bis zu), verbs with fixed prepositions intro, the Wechsel-preposition exception, wo(r)-/preposition+wen/wem question formation
- video-02-notes.md — vacation/travel prepositions for water bodies, islands, forests/mountains, city vs. countryside (an/auf/in with SDMA)
- video-05-notes.md — fixed preposition
aufpassen (auf)and its optional use,sprechenwith optionalmit/über - video-13-notes.md — temporal prepositions: fixed Dativ (seit/nach/ab), Wechsel-to-Dativ for
time (im/am/vor/bis zu),
bisvs.bis zu - video-16-notes.md — genitive prepositions während/innerhalb/außerhalb, während as preposition vs. connector, bei vs. wegen vs. während
- video-19-notes.md — Wechselverb PDTA rule, SDMA recap, intro to verbs with fixed prepositions, wo(r)-/da(r)- system and the -r- insertion rule
- video-20-notes.md — continued drill of verbs with fixed prepositions (case + meaning)
- video-22-notes.md — verb vs. adjective with fixed preposition, recap list of ~25 fixed-preposition verbs
- video-27-notes.md — fixed-preposition verbs in relative clauses, begegnen vs. treffen
- video-35-notes.md — fixed-preposition verbs and da(r)-compounds, leiden an/unter, denken an/nachdenken über, schreiben an/über, erzählen von/über
