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Telc-B1-Course

    Grammar

    Telc-B1

    Telc-B1-Course
    • B1 Course Guide: Cases & Declension

    • B1 Course Guide: Prepositions

    • B1 Course Guide: Connectors & Sentence Structure

    • B1 Course Guide: Negation (nicht vs. kein)

    • B1 Course Guide: Verb Tenses (Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I)

    • B1 Course Guide: Passiv (Passive Voice)

    • B1 Course Guide: Modal Verbs & Konjunktiv II

    • B1 Course Guide: Infinitive Constructions & Causatives

    • B1 Course Guide: Reflexive Verbs & Dative Quirky-Subject Verbs

    • B1 Course Guide: Relativsätze (Relative Clauses)

    • B1 Course Guide: Adjectives, Comparison & Participles as Adjectives

    • B1 Course Guide: Writing & Exam Skills

    • B1 Course – Video 1: Genitive, Comparative/Superlative & Prepositions Recap

    • B1 Course – Video 2: Infinitiv mit zu & Place Prepositions for Vacations

    • B1 Course – Video 3: Reflexive Verbs, Vacation Vocab & Subordinating Connectors

    • B1 Course – Video 4: Obwohl Practice, Dative Locations & Nominalisierung

    • B1 Course – Video 5: Camping Vocabulary, aufpassen auf & Travel Role-Play

    • B1 Course – Video 6: Modal Verbs in Präteritum & Nominalisierung

    • B1 Course – Video 7: deshalb vs. sodass & Coordinating vs. Subordinating Connectors

    • B1 Course – Video 8: Technik-Vokabular & lassen + Infinitiv (Causative)

    • B1 Course – Video 9: Genitive Case with Common Nouns

    • B1 Course – Video 10: Genitive Wrap-Up, Demonstrative Artikel & trotz/wegen

    • B1 Course – Video 11: Smart-Home Reading, sodass & the Imperative

    • B1 Course – Video 12: Comparison Expressions & Präteritum

    • B1 Course – Video 13: Präteritum Practice & Temporal Prepositions

    • B1 Course – Video 14: B1 Written Test Session (Vocabulary & Connectors)

    • B1 Course – Video 15: Perfekt Recap, Dative Prepositions, Adjective Endings Without an Article, Compound Nouns

    • B1 Course – Video 16: Genitive Prepositions (während/innerhalb/außerhalb) and Travel Vocabulary

    • B1 Course – Video 17: Konjunktiv II (Subjunctive) – Formation, Irreal Situations, würde

    • B1 Course – Video 18: Job/Application Vocabulary, Konjunktiv II Review, weh tun (Dative)

    • B1 Course – Video 19: Wechsel Verbs (PDTA), SDMA Recap, and Verbs with Fixed Prepositions

    • B1 Course – Video 20: Verbs with Fixed Prepositions Drill, um...zu vs. damit

    • B1 Course – Video 21: um...zu vs. damit, Genitive Review, Connectors, and Verbs with Fixed Prepositions

    • B1 Course – Video 22: Präteritum vs. Partizip II, Komposita, and Fixed-Preposition Verbs in an Environment Reading Text

    • B1 Course – Video 23: Environment/Startup Vocabulary, Opinion Phrases, and Superlative Adjective Endings

    • B1 Course – Video 24: Environment Vocabulary, Weather Terms, and N-Deklination (Weak Masculine Nouns)

    • B1 Course – Video 25: N-Deklination Exceptions and Introduction to Relativsätze

    • B1 Course – Video 26: Relativsätze (Relative Clauses) with Cases and Fixed-Preposition Verbs

    • B1 Course – Video 27: Relative Clauses with Prepositions, Fixed-Preposition Verbs, and a Future-Cities Reading Text

    • B1 Course – Video 28: No Substantive Teaching Content (Silent/Unusable Recording)

    • B1 Course – Video 29: Future Vocabulary, Picture Description, and Plusquamperfekt

    • B1 Course – Video 30: Plusquamperfekt Review, Temporal Prepositions, and nachdem

    • B1 Course – Video 31: Temporal Connectors Review, Comparatives, and a Friendship Reading Text

    • B1 Course – Video 32: nachdem Drill, Fable Vocabulary, and derselbe/dasselbe

    • B1 Course – Video 33: Reflexive Verbs (Dative Table) and brauchen + zu

    • B1 Course – Video 34: Doppelkonnektoren and Formal/Informal Schreiben Conventions

    • B1 Course – Video 35: Clinic Vocabulary, Music & Emotions Text, and Fixed-Preposition Verbs

    • B1 Course – Video 36: Health Vocabulary, gegen vs. für, and Negation with nicht/kein

    • B1 Course – Video 37: Negation Rules, Dative Replacement & Bildbeschreibung Vocabulary

    • B1 Course – Video 38: Kunst-Themed Reading Texts, Dative Verbs & Adjective Endings

    • B1 Course – Video 39: Introduction to Aktiv/Passiv (Active–Passive Voice)

    • B1 Course – Video 40: Passiv – Präteritum, Perfekt, Modalverben & werden/wurden/würden

    • B1 Course – Video 41: Passive Voice Practice + Mini-München Reading Text

    • B1 Course – Video 43: Artikel als Pronomen, Adjektive als Nomen & Test Review

    • B1 Course – Video 44: Relativsätze mit was, wo, woher, wohin

    • B1 Course – Video 45: Artikel als Pronomen Drill & Adjective-Ending Tables Recap

    • B1 Course – Video 46: Irgend-Wörter, Partizip II als Adjektiv & je...desto

    • B1 Course – Video 47: Geld-Redemittel, Banking Vocabulary & Partizip I/II as Adjectives

    • B1 Course – Video 48: Largely Silent Recording (Test Review, nicht-Position Only)

    • B1 Course – Video 49: B2 Wortschatz-Upgrades, Konnektoren & Final Logistics

    • Telc-B1-Course Index


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    Telc-Speaking

    Telc-Writting

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    Vocab-Nouns

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Cover Image for B1 Course Guide: Verb Tenses (Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I)
Telc-B1-Course

B1 Course Guide: Verb Tenses (Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I)

A consolidated reference on the German past-tense system: when to use Präteritum vs. Perfekt, how to form regular and irregular Präteritum verbs, a deduplicated irregular-verb table, and the formation/usage of Plusquamperfekt and Futur I.

German
B1
telc
Course Notes
Tenses
Präteritum
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B1 Course Guide: Negation (nicht vs. kein)

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B1 Course Guide: Passiv (Passive Voice)

Verb Tenses: Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I

Overview: Three Past Tenses

German expresses the past with three tenses (far fewer than English's range of past forms):

  1. Präteritum — simple past (e.g. aß, kam, machte)
  2. Perfekt — "have done" form: haben/sein (conjugated) + Partizip II (e.g. habe gegessen, bin gekommen)
  3. Plusquamperfekt — past perfect, the "past of the past" (e.g. hatte gegessen, war gekommen)

Gegenwart = present tense; Vergangenheit = past tense.

Perfekt vs. Präteritum — when to use which

  • In everyday spoken German and informal writing (emails, texting), German speakers almost always use Perfekt — this matches how English speakers often say "I have eaten" rather than the simple past, even when both are technically correct. Roughly 80% of everyday past-tense usage is Perfekt, 20% Präteritum.
  • Präteritum dominates in formal/written/narrative contexts: novels, fairy tales, newspaper articles, reports, and historical narration. It is rare in casual spoken German.
  • B1 learners need working knowledge of common Präteritum forms (especially for reading comprehension of biographies, news, and stories); the complete irregular-verb list is a B2 topic.
  • Already familiar from A1/A2: Präteritum of haben (ich/er hatte), sein (ich/er war), and modal verbs (ich/er konnte, musste, sollte, durfte, wollte).
  • New at B1: Präteritum of werden → wurde — e.g. Er wurde Taxifahrer. (He became a taxi driver.)
  • Modal verbs in Präteritum are never strictly "wrong" in context — they just shift nuance (ability vs. desire vs. permission vs. obligation): konnte (could), durfte (was allowed to), wollte (wanted to), musste (had to), sollte (was supposed to).

Präteritum Formation

The ich = er/sie/es shortcut

The single most useful rule for learning Präteritum: in every verb, without exception, the ich-form and the er/sie/es-form are identical.

  • ich war, er/sie/es war (sein)
  • ich hatte, er/sie/es hatte (haben)
  • ich konnte, er/sie/es konnte (können)
  • ich sollte, er/sie/es sollte (sollen)

Dictionaries and textbooks list the Präteritum form using the 3rd person singular (er/sie/es) — thanks to this rule, that same form is automatically correct for ich too.

Regular ("schwache"/weak) verbs

Rule: take the verb stem (infinitive minus -en) and add -te (or -ete if the stem ends in a sound — typically -t or -d — that would be hard to pronounce with just -te).

  • machen → mach- → machte
  • spielen → spiel- → spielte
  • arbeiten → arbeit- → arbeitete (extra -e- inserted: "arbeitte" is unpronounceable)
  • kündigen → kündigte (to quit/resign a job)
  • besuchen → besuchte (to visit)
  • buchen → buchte (to book)
  • sparen → sparte (to save money)
  • stürzen → stürzte (to crash/fall)
  • kämpfen → kämpfte (to fight)
  • erledigen → erledigte (to complete/finish — an upgraded synonym of machen)

Full conjugation builds on this -te/-ete base with regular endings, e.g. arbeiten: ich arbeitete, du arbeitetest, er/sie/es arbeitete, wir arbeiteten, ihr arbeitetet, sie/Sie arbeiteten (note ich = er/sie/es as expected).

Irregular ("starke"/strong) verbs

Just as English has irregular past forms that must be memorized (cut → cut, fly → flew, eat → ate), German has unregelmäßige Verben that don't follow the -te/-ete pattern and must be learned individually. Forms are listed by er/sie/es (which, per the rule above, also covers ich); the remaining persons take regular endings on top of the changed stem.

Separable verbs keep the same irregular stem change in the detached prefix construction, with the prefix moving to the end of the clause — exactly as in the present tense:

  • einladen → lud ein — ich lud ein, du lud(e)st ein, er/sie/es lud ein, wir luden ein, ihr ludet ein, sie/Sie luden ein. Example: Wir luden dich gestern zur Party ein. → We invited you to the party yesterday.
  • anbieten → bot an, anfangen → fing an, aussehen → sah aus

A recommended self-study pace: ~10 new irregular verbs per day with short recall tests the following day, rather than memorizing the whole list at once.

Irregular Verb Reference Table

Deduplicated list of irregular (and a few high-frequency regular) verbs encountered across the biography/fairy-tale reading texts and verb drills, with Partizip II added for cross-reference with Perfekt/Plusquamperfekt.

Infinitive Präteritum (er/sie/es) Partizip II English
sein war gewesen to be
haben hatte gehabt to have
werden wurde geworden to become
können konnte gekonnt to be able to (can)
müssen musste gemusst to have to (must)
sollen sollte gesollt to be supposed to
dürfen durfte gedurft to be allowed to
wollen wollte gewollt to want to
kommen kam gekommen to come
gehen ging gegangen to go
sehen sah gesehen to see
geben gab gegeben to give
nehmen nahm genommen to take
lesen las gelesen to read
essen aß gegessen to eat
fressen fraß gefressen to eat (of animals)
trinken trank getrunken to drink
sprechen sprach gesprochen to speak
finden fand gefunden to find
beginnen begann begonnen to begin
anfangen fing an angefangen to begin/start (separable)
bleiben blieb geblieben to stay
denken dachte gedacht to think
anbieten bot an angeboten to offer (separable)
empfehlen empfahl empfohlen to recommend
fahren fuhr gefahren to drive/travel
abfahren fuhr ab abgefahren to depart (separable)
fliegen flog geflogen to fly
einladen lud ein eingeladen to invite (separable)
nennen nannte genannt to name
kennen kannte gekannt to know (a person/thing)
aussehen sah aus ausgesehen to look/appear (separable)
wissen wusste gewusst to know (a fact)
bringen brachte gebracht to bring
tun tat getan to do
treffen traf getroffen to meet
stehen stand gestanden to stand
sitzen saß gesessen to sit
erhalten erhielt erhalten to receive
bekommen bekam bekommen to get/receive
gewinnen gewann gewonnen to win
sterben starb gestorben to die
schlafen schlief geschlafen to sleep
einschlafen schlief ein eingeschlafen to fall asleep (separable)
verlieren verlor verloren to lose
sich entscheiden entschied sich sich entschieden to decide
sich verletzen verletzte sich sich verletzt to injure oneself (regular)
sich ereignen ereignete sich sich ereignet to happen/occur (regular, of an event)
vorbeikommen kam vorbei vorbeigekommen to come by/over (separable)
zusammenziehen zog zusammen zusammengezogen to move in together (separable)
ankommen kam an angekommen to arrive (separable)
vergessen vergaß vergessen to forget
verschwinden verschwand verschwunden to disappear
passieren passierte passiert to happen (regular)

Note: brauchen (to need) is regular/weak (Präteritum brauchte) — easy to mistake for an irregular form, and a common reading-exercise distractor since its present tense braucht looks similar.

Plusquamperfekt

What it is and when to use it

Plusquamperfekt ("had done") is the German past perfect — it describes an action that happened even before another past event: the "past of the past." Mapping from English:

  • I eat / I am eating an apple → Präsens: Ich esse einen Apfel. (German has no present continuous — never translate "am/is/are + -ing" as a separate tense.)
  • I will eat an apple → Futur I
  • I ate an apple → Präteritum: Ich aß einen Apfel.
  • I have eaten an apple → Perfekt: Ich habe einen Apfel gegessen.
  • I had eaten an apple → Plusquamperfekt: Ich hatte einen Apfel gegessen.

Typical use case: two events both happened in the past, and one happened before the other — e.g. After I had come back from Germany, I enrolled in a university. "Coming back" happened first (Plusquamperfekt); "enrolling" is the more recent past event (Perfekt/Präteritum).

Using Plusquamperfekt is not strictly mandatory — expressing both past events in Präteritum or both in Perfekt is also acceptable and not wrong on its own. It becomes important, however, when paired with the time-connector nachdem (see Notes below), which requires a genuine tense-sequence between its two clauses.

Formation

Formation is mechanical once Perfekt is known: take the Perfekt construction and change the auxiliary to its Präteritum form.

  • Perfekt: Subject + haben/sein (conjugated, present) + ... + Partizip II
  • Plusquamperfekt: Subject + hatte(n)/war(en) (haben/sein in Präteritum) + ... + Partizip II

Only the auxiliary changes; the participle and word order stay the same.

  • Ich hatte einen Apfel gegessen. — I had eaten an apple.
  • Ich war im September nach Deutschland gefahren. — I had gone to Germany in September.

Worked examples

  • Er hatte gestern zu viel gegessen. — He had eaten too much yesterday. (essen → no movement → haben → hatte)
  • Ich war um 8 Uhr zu Hause angekommen. — I had arrived home at 8 o'clock. (ankommen → movement → sein → war, not hatte)
  • Sie hatten gut gespielt. — They had played well. (only the auxiliary changes vs. Perfekt sie haben gespielt)
  • Sie hatte sich auf ihre Präsentation vorbereitet. — She had prepared for her presentation.
  • Ich hatte meinen Stift verloren. — I had lost my pen.
  • Ich war gestern zu Hause geblieben. — I had stayed at home yesterday. (bleiben takes sein despite showing no movement — a classic exception.)
  • Ich war vorgestern im Park spazieren gegangen. — I had gone for a walk in the park the day before yesterday.
  • Nina war mit Dominic zusammengezogen. — Nina had moved in together with Dominic.
  • Ich hatte den Bus verpasst. — I had missed the bus.
  • Als ich im Café ankam, war Lena schon gegangen. — When I arrived at the café, Lena had already left.
  • Tatsächlich hatte sie im falschen Café gesessen. — In fact, she had sat in the wrong café. (Watch the spelling: gegessen = eaten vs. gesessen = sat.)
  • Das Rezept hatte er von seinem Vater bekommen. — He had gotten the recipe from his father. (A fronted object, das Rezept, is not the subject — check carefully when a sentence opens with a noun and no explicit pronoun.)

Recap: haben vs. sein as auxiliary

  1. Movement verbs take sein — e.g. gehen, kommen, fahren, abfahren, schwimmen, zusammenziehen, ankommen. Exception: spielen (to play) takes haben even though it can superficially seem movement-related.
  2. Change-of-state verbs take sein — e.g. sterben (to die), geboren werden (to be born), einschlafen (to fall asleep). Contrast: schlafen (an ongoing state, no change) takes haben, but einschlafen (the moment of change) takes sein.
  3. Memorize as exceptions: bleiben (to stay) and passieren (to happen) take sein despite showing neither movement nor an obvious change of state.

Futur I

Formation

Futur I = werden (conjugated) + infinitive (sent to the end of the clause) — structurally parallel to modal-verb sentences.

  • In Zukunft werde ich das ganze Jahr studieren. — In future I will study the whole year.
  • In Zukunft werde ich weniger arbeiten. — In future I will work less.
  • In Zukunft werde ich gesünder essen. — In future I will eat healthier. (gesünder is an adverb modifying the verb here, not an attributive adjective, so it takes no ending.)
  • In Zukunft werde ich aktiver als früher sein. — In future I will be more active than before.

Resolution-style (Vorsätze) practice sentences

These "New Year's resolution" sentences were the class's main worked practice for Futur I, with common correction points noted:

  • In Zukunft werde ich mich auf die Prüfungen vorher vorbereiten. — I will prepare for the exams beforehand. (sich vorbereiten auf + Akkusativ.)
  • In Zukunft werde ich mich mehr erholen. — I will rest/recover more. (Reflexive pronoun must match the subject: ich → mich, never sich — sich is only for er/sie/es/sie-plural.)
  • In Zukunft werde ich weniger Fast Food essen und mehr Sport machen. — I will eat less fast food and do more sport.
  • In Zukunft werde ich nicht mehr arbeiten und mehr Freizeit verbringen. — I will no longer work and spend more free time.
  • In Zukunft werde ich meine Wohnung aufräumen. — I will tidy my apartment. (aufräumen takes a direct object directly — no preposition needed.)
  • In Zukunft werde ich mein Haus aufräumen, bevor meine Freunde kommen. — I will tidy my house before my friends come. (Verb must agree with plural Freunde → kommen, not kommt.)
  • In Zukunft werde ich vorsichtiger packen und weniger Sachen mitnehmen. — I will pack more carefully and take fewer things.
  • In Zukunft werde ich länger am Strand Zeit verbringen. — I will spend more time at the beach. (Zeit verbringen — to spend time; am Strand liegen — to lie on the beach.)
  • Ich habe mir vorgenommen, mehr Freundlichkeit zu zeigen. — I have resolved to show more friendliness. (sich vornehmen — to resolve to do something, + zu-Infinitiv, with a comma.)
  • Ich wünsche mir, weniger Stress zu haben. — I wish to have less stress. (Treated like a single clause; no comma before wünschen + Infinitiv-construction in this pattern.)

Related vocabulary for future-tense contexts

bald (soon), später (later), übermorgen (the day after tomorrow), in einem Jahr (in a year), vorhaben (to plan/have planned), erwarten (to expect), sich freuen auf (to look forward to), die Prognose (forecast/prognosis) — contrasted with past/present-only markers: damals (back then), im Augenblick/im Moment (at the moment).

Notes & Tips

  • Default to Perfekt for everyday speaking/writing; reserve Präteritum for formal, narrative, or historical writing (novels, fairy tales, news, biographies).
  • The ich = er/sie/es rule applies to every Präteritum verb without exception — learn one form and you automatically know the other.
  • Regular verbs: stem + -te, or -ete when the stem ends in a sound (often -t/-d) that would be unpronounceable with just -te.
  • Irregular verbs must be memorized individually — there is no shortcut rule, just like English irregular past forms.
  • Plusquamperfekt is built by swapping only the auxiliary to its Präteritum form (hatte/war); the Partizip II and word order are unchanged from Perfekt.
  • bleiben and passieren are sein-exceptions worth memorizing directly — they fit neither the movement nor the change-of-state rule.
  • Futur I always sends the infinitive to the very end of the clause, exactly like modal-verb sentences with werden as the conjugated verb.
  • Plusquamperfekt becomes essential (not just optional style) once paired with the connector nachdem, which requires a genuine past-before-past tense sequence between its two clauses.

Source Videos

  • video-12-notes.md — Introduction to the three past tenses, Perfekt vs. Präteritum usage, the ich/er-sie-es conjugation rule, regular verb formation, and the first batch of irregular verbs.
  • video-13-notes.md — Präteritum practice via biographical reading texts, surfacing additional irregular verb forms in context.
  • video-29-notes.md — Futur I practice (resolution sentences) and introduction of Plusquamperfekt: formation, usage, and the haben-vs-sein auxiliary recap.
  • video-30-notes.md — Plusquamperfekt narrative correction exercise, reinforcing formation and word order in context.
Hitesh Sahu
Written by Hitesh Sahu, a passionate developer and blogger.

Sun Jun 28 2026

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