Video 18: Job/Application Vocabulary, Konjunktiv II Review, weh tun (Dative)

Source: Roughly 2 hours 4 minutes total. Approximate topic ranges (logistics, roll call, and long silent/garbled stretches skipped):

• 00:00–03:45 — Silence/connection check — skipped
• 03:45–22:55 — Chapter 9 vocabulary list: jobs, professions, application/job-search terms, and general adjectives/adverbs — extracted below
• 22:55–27:30 — More vocabulary (restaurant/dining, public life, verbs like vorziehen/verschieben) — extracted below
• 27:30–48:00 — Konjunktiv II (würde/hätte/wäre) fill-in exercise: choosing between würde, hätte, and wäre; modal verbs in Konjunktiv II (können, sollen, dürfen, müssen); reflexive verb sich entscheiden in Konjunktiv II — extracted below
• 48:00–1:07:00 — Continued Konjunktiv II sentence-building practice (Pavel/Maria/Sam/Judith scenarios): fixed prepositions for water bodies, comparative of oft, daily-time adverbs with -s, reflexive sich spannen/entspannen — extracted below
• 1:07:00–1:16:00 — Dative quirky-subject verb weh tun (to hurt/ache) — extracted below
• 1:16:00–1:40:00 — Picture-description speaking exercise (hairdresser/delivery scenario images) — mostly free-form student speech with teacher corrections on word choice/case; light grammar content, only the corrections worth keeping are extracted below
• 1:40:00–1:43:23 — Final vocabulary: cutlery/restaurant words, fressen vs. essen (animals vs. people eating) — extracted below
• 1:43:23–end — Homework assignment and long silence/sign-off — skipped

Topics Covered

• Chapter 9 vocabulary: professions, job-application terms, general adjectives/adverbs
• Konjunktiv II review: würde vs. hätte vs. wäre, and modal verbs in Konjunktiv II
• Reflexive verbs in Konjunktiv II (sich entscheiden, sich entspannen)
• Fixed prepositions: water bodies (an/in), markets (auf)
• Comparative of oft → öfter; daily-time adverbs with -s (morgens, abends, nachts)
• Dative quirky-subject verb weh tun
• fressen vs. essen (animals vs. humans)

Chapter 9 Vocabulary: Professions and Job-Application Terms

A long vocabulary list was drilled, mostly single words with English glosses. Professions/job terms:

• der Postbote/die Postbotin — postman/postwoman
• der Chemiker — chemical engineer/scientist
• der Elektroingenieur — electronics engineer
• der Mechatroniker — mechatronics engineer
• der Profi — professional (das Profil = "profile," a different but similar-sounding word)
• der/die Schreiner(in) — carpenter; der Spezialist — specialist
• der Unternehmer — entrepreneur; das Unternehmen — company/business/firm (article: das)
• der/die Anwalt/Anwältin — lawyer; der Richter — judge (also has a food-related second meaning: das Gericht = "dish" or "court" — same word, two meanings)
• das Urteil — verdict/judgment; der Prozess — trial/case
• gerecht — fair, just (equal/same for everyone)
• der/die Reporter(in) — reporter; die Reportage — report/coverage
• der Bereich — area/branch/sector/industry
• die Landwirtschaft — agriculture

Job-application and work vocabulary:

• austragen — to deliver (used with letters/post: Post austragen)
• abschreiben — to copy; herstellen — to manufacture/produce
• das Inserat — advertisement. Synonyms drilled: die Werbung (advertising), der Anzeiger (the one placing the ad)
• der Interessent — interested party/potential buyer (the person interested in a deal)
• sich eignen für — to be suitable for
• der Stundenlohn — hourly wage/pay
• der Teilzeitjob — part-time job
• die Anforderung — requirement (synonym: die Voraussetzung), plural ending -en
• zukunftsfähig — future-proof/futuristic
• die Bewerberin — applicant (female)
• die Personalien — personal details/particulars
• der Anhang — attachment (e.g. email attachment)
• der Bewerbungsunterlagen / das Bewerbungsformular — application documents/download form
• das Zeugnis — certificate (synonym mentioned: relates to Stärken/Schwächen — strengths/weaknesses)
• der Lebenslauf — CV/résumé
• ankommen auf — to come down to/depend on; teacher flagged this as a verb with a fixed preposition (a topic the class will focus on from this chapter onward)

General adjectives/adverbs from the same list:

• aussagekräftig — meaningful/significant/detailed
• sich beziehen auf — to refer to/relate to
• zahlen vs. zählen — zahlen = to pay; adding the umlaut (zählen) changes the meaning to "to count" / "to count towards." Example: Pünktlichkeit zählt zu den wichtigen Eigenschaften eines Bewerbers. → "Punctuality counts among the important characteristics of an applicant."
• das Auftreten — appearance/demeanor
• die Geduld — patience
• der Eindruck — impression (related verb: ausdrücken — to express)
• sich erkundigen nach — to inquire about (the preposition nach gives the sense of "about")
• ruhig — calm/peaceful
• kündigen — to quit/resign (with umlaut variant noted as related to kündigen itself, contrasted earlier with zahlen → zählen pattern)
• überzeugen — to convince. Example: Ich überzeuge dich, jeden Tag zu studieren. → "I'm convincing you to study every day."
• der Arbeitnehmer — employee/job-taker; der Bewerber — applicant
• das Einkommen — income/revenue
• die Anlage — has multiple meanings: (1) system (e.g. Alarmanlage — alarm system), (2) investment, (3) facility — meaning depends on context
• sich beschäftigen mit — to be occupied with/busy with
• die Entwicklung — development; die Fortbildung — further training/upskilling
• geregelt — regulated/fixed
• der Rechner — calculator/computer
• aggressiv, zufriedenstellend (satisfying), offen (open), optimistisch, qualifiziert, speziell, unfreundlich, wütend (furious/angry)
• die Absicht — intention. Example: Das war nicht die Absicht. → "That was not the intention."
• das Versehen — mistake/oversight; sich irren — to be mistaken about/in something
• verwechseln — to mix up/confuse; verzeihen — to pardon/forgive
• schrecklich — terrible/horrible
• der Hammer, das Metall, die Bürste (brush), die Schere (scissors), das Besteck (cutlery)
• absolut — absolutely; der Augenblick — "blink of an eye"/a moment; gesamt — overall/total
• möglich/möglichst — possible/possibly (preferably); kürzlich — recently/shortly; zusätzlich — additionally
• insgesamt — overall/altogether/all in all
• jedoch — nevertheless/however/though

Reading-Comprehension Vocabulary (Restaurant, Public Life)

• verständlich — understandable
• stellen — to place/put (e.g. eine Frage stellen — to ask a question); also reflexive in fixed phrases like sich den Wecker stellen (to set the alarm clock — der Wecker = alarm clock)
• die Gaststätte — restaurant; der Imbiss — snack bar/refreshment stand
• die Verbindung — connection
• das Vergnügen — pleasure
• die Partei — (political) party — explicitly distinguished from "party" in the social sense
• die Öffentlichkeit — public/the public; can also mean "publicity"
• vorziehen — to prefer; also can mean "to prepone/move earlier." Synonym mentioned: lieber (but lieber is not a verb, just an adverb of preference). Opposite: verschieben — to postpone.

Konjunktiv II: würde vs. hätte vs. wäre

The class reviewed the three core Konjunktiv II auxiliary forms used to build hypothetical (wenn...dann) sentences, with a worked example: Ich würde [...] / Ich hätte [...] / Ich wäre [...] gerne Urlaub.

• würde + infinitive at the end — used whenever the sentence has any other infinitive verb to carry (e.g. arbeiten, gehen, tanzen). If there's an infinitive form needed, default to würde.
• hätte — Konjunktiv II of haben ("to have"). Used when the underlying verb sense is "to have" — e.g. you can haben a vacation/time, but you cannot sein a vacation: Ich hätte gern Urlaub. → "I would like to have a vacation," not Ich wäre Urlaub.
• wäre — Konjunktiv II of sein ("to be"). Used when the sense is "to be" — e.g. Ich wäre im Urlaub. → "I would be on vacation" (you can be in a vacation, but you cannot have in a vacation).
• Rule of thumb given by the teacher: ask "would I have X" or "would I be X" — that determines hätte vs. wäre; if a different infinitive verb is present, use würde + that verb at the end.

Modal Verbs in Konjunktiv II

A second exercise drilled modal verbs (können → könnte, sollen → sollte, dürfen → dürfte, müssen → müsste) in Konjunktiv II sentences, alongside würde. Key points:

• Any modal verb can technically fit grammatically in these conjunctive sentences, since the formula stays the same: modal verb (conjugated in Konjunktiv II) + infinitive at the end. The teacher stressed: "I would not say any modal verb is wrong at any place — it just depends on the context/thinking you want to convey."
• könnte — expresses ability ("I could do this," "I can swim") or possibility ("we could go to the cinema" — a polite suggestion/option). At A2 level, könnten was mainly taught for polite requests.
• sollte — gives a suggestion/advice ("you should really stop soon, it's already late") — distinguished from müsste below: giving an option vs. stating a need.
• müsste — expresses compulsion/obligation ("you must stop right now" — a command/necessity), contrasted directly with sollte (advice, not compulsion). Example pair: Du solltest nicht immer Überstunden machen (advice: you shouldn't always work overtime) vs. Du müsstest... (compulsion).
• dürfte — expresses permission/being allowed, often tied to a stated condition, e.g. "We are above 18, so we may/are allowed to go to the cinema."
• Example sentence built collaboratively: Sie könnte den Termin verschieben. → "She could postpone the appointment" (ability).
• A grammar aside: the verb tun in Präteritum is tat, not tut — and when used with wenn (subordinate clause), the conjugated verb moves to the very end and stays together with any other verb form: Wenn Sam nicht tat... (corrected to keep tat clause-final).

Reflexive Verbs in Konjunktiv II

• sich entscheiden (to decide) is always reflexive — the reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject, not default to sich. Example correction: a student wrote a sentence missing mich in Wenn ich mich entscheiden dürfte... → corrected to include the reflexive pronoun matching the subject ich → mich, not sich.
• sich spannen/entspannen — reflexive verb meaning "to relax/unwind," also flagged again when a student's sentence used it without the correct reflexive pronoun.
• General reminder repeated by the teacher: reflexive verbs always need the reflexive pronoun that matches the grammatical subject of the clause, even inside a wenn-conjunctive sentence.

Konjunktiv II Sentence-Building Practice (Pavel / Maria / Sam / Judith)

Extended round-robin practice building full hypothetical sentences. Notable corrections and points:

• Wenn Maria nicht in der Küche kochen müsste, würde sie sich zu Hause auf dem Sofa entspannen. — "If Maria didn't have to cook in the kitchen, she would relax at home on the sofa." (entspannen used reflexively here, confirmed correct.)
• When a subordinate (wenn) clause and main clause both need a Konjunktiv II verb with an infinitive, würde can be needed twice in the same sentence (once per clause) — confirmed correct in a student's longer sentence using würde...trinken and würde...stehen.
• Wasserkörper (water bodies) and fixed prepositions: there is no single fixed preposition for all water bodies — usage depends on the specific body of water:
  • am See — at/by the lake
  • im Strand/am Strand — at the beach (teacher noted am Strand for "at the beach," while rivers that "flow" pattern differently)
  • General guidance: a flowing river takes different prepositions than a static lake or the beach; students were told to learn these per noun rather than as one universal rule.
• die Familie is feminine → mit seiner Familie (not seinem) — corrected when a student used the wrong possessive-pronoun gender: Er würde mit seiner Familie Ski fahren.
• auf dem Markt (on the market) uses the fixed preposition auf, not im, because a traditional market has no roof (open-air), unlike a Supermarkt, which is enclosed and therefore takes im. General rule restated: enclosed/roofed spaces (cinema, restaurant, supermarket) take in; open spaces without a roof (a market) take auf.
• Word order correction: with a wenn-clause, the conjugated/infinitive verb must go to the end in its infinitive form — a sentence incorrectly placed an infinitive mid-clause and was corrected to push it to the end (e.g. ...einkaufen gehen at the very end, not gehen einkaufen).
• das Bett — im Bett bleiben (to stay in bed); when a clause used sollte/wollte the verb also had to move to clause-final position correctly.
• Comparative form: oft → öfter ("more often") was identified mid-exercise as the comparative of oft, not a separate vocabulary word.
• Daily-time adverbs take an extra -s: morgens (every morning), abends (every evening), nachts (every night) — distinguished from the non-suffixed forms which refer to a specific one-time instance rather than a recurring/habitual time.

weh tun: Dative Quirky-Subject Verb

A dedicated explanation of weh tun (to hurt/ache), parallel to other dative quirky verbs covered earlier in the course (e.g. gefallen, schmecken):

• weh tun means "to pain/to ache/to give pain" — and grammatically, the thing that hurts is the subject, and the person experiencing the pain is the dative object — the reverse of the expected English structure.
• Worked example: Der Kopf tut mir weh. → literally "The head is giving pain to me" / naturally "My head hurts." The teacher explicitly warned against the literal-English-mirroring mistake: you cannot say "mein Kopf tut mir weh" is wrong because of word choice — but a student's first attempt (effectively saying "my head pains" with the wrong case marking) was corrected to keep the dative pronoun (mir) for the person and the definite article (der Kopf) for the body part, since the body part is always the nominative subject in this construction, and the person affected is always dative — even when the body part belongs to a named third person:
• Wenn das Bein Sam weh tut... corrected to Wenn das Bein Sam wehtut with Sam treated as dative — replaceable by ihm (dative pronoun), confirming Sam functions as the dative object here, not nominative.
• Comparison drawn to an earlier-taught dative sentence: Ich habe Kopfschmerzen (I have a headache) is the basic A1/A2 phrasing; der Kopf tut mir weh is the more advanced "quirky dative verb" alternative expressing the same idea, to be expanded on further in a later chapter.
• A student asked whether the genitive could replace the dative here (referencing a recently-covered genitive lesson) — the teacher said no: weh tun always prefers the dative construction; using a genitive-style possessive (e.g. "Sam's legs are paining") is also technically understandable but the dative form is preferred and considered more correct/standard.
• das Bein — leg (used in the worked dative example: Wenn das Bein Sam wehtut...).

Closing Vocabulary: Restaurant/Cutlery and fressen vs. essen

• schneiden — to cut; färben — to color/dye; die Bürste — brush; der Kamm — comb; föhnen — to blow-dry (hair)
• der Löffel — spoon; die Gabel — fork; das Messer — knife; der Teller — plate
• der Imbiss — snack/refreshment; das Besteck — cutlery; die Gaststätte — restaurant/eatery
• der Handwerker — tradesperson/craftsman; die Schere — scissors; das Werkzeug — tool(s)
• der Betrieb — company/plant/manufacturing operation
• der Karton/die Kiste — cardboard box/crate; der Umschlag — cover/wrapper (e.g. envelope); die Verpackung — packaging
• etwas geht schief — something goes wrong. Example: Etwas geht schief. → "Something is going wrong."
• die Frisur — hairstyle (used for both men and women); der Haarschnitt — haircut; der/die Friseur(in) — hairdresser
• fressen vs. essen: both mean "to eat," but essen is used for humans, while fressen is used specifically for animals eating (e.g. Die Kuh frisst Gras — "The cow eats/grazes on grass," not isst Gras). fressen conjugates with sein in Perfekt-related forms per the teacher's note ("Perfekt — es wird sein"), distinguishing it from essen, which the teacher implied follows the regular pattern taught earlier.

Notes & Tips

• würde / hätte / wäre decision rule: ask whether the sentence sense is "to have" (→ hätte), "to be" (→ wäre), or needs a different infinitive verb at the end (→ würde + that verb).
• No modal verb is ever flatly "wrong" in a Konjunktiv II sentence — könnte/sollte/müsste/dürfte all fit the same word-order formula; the choice changes the nuance (ability/possibility vs. advice vs. compulsion vs. permission), so context determines which is best, not grammar alone.
• Reflexive verbs (sich entscheiden, sich entspannen) must always carry the reflexive pronoun matching the subject — easy to drop by mistake when also juggling Konjunktiv II auxiliaries.
• weh tun flips the expected subject/object roles versus English: the body part is the subject, the person is the dative object — a common B1 mistake is to make the person the subject instead.
• Fixed prepositions for places have no single universal rule: enclosed/roofed venues take in (cinema, restaurant, supermarket); open-air venues like a traditional market take auf; water bodies vary by type and must be learned individually.
• fressen vs. essen is an easy trap: never use essen for an animal's eating in formal/exam writing — use fressen specifically for animals.
• A long stretch (roughly 1:16–1:40) was a free-form picture-description speaking exercise with mostly conversational student output and minor on-the-fly corrections (word choice, plural vs. singular) rather than new grammar teaching — kept brief here since it was low on extractable rules.