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X-Class-Notes

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    X-Class-Notes
    • B1 Course Guide: Cases & Declension


    • B1 Course Guide: Prepositions


    • B1 Course Guide: Connectors & Sentence Structure


    • B1 Course Guide: Negation (nicht vs. kein)


    • B1 Course Guide: Verb Tenses (Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Futur I)


    • B1 Course Guide: Passiv (Passive Voice)


    • B1 Course Guide: Modal Verbs & Konjunktiv II


    • B1 Course Guide: Infinitive Constructions & Causatives


    • B1 Course Guide: Reflexive Verbs & Dative Quirky-Subject Verbs


    • B1 Course Guide: Relativsätze (Relative Clauses)


    • B1 Course Guide: Adjectives, Comparison & Participles as Adjectives


    • B1 Course Guide: Writing & Exam Skills


    • B1 Course – Video 1: Genitive, Comparative/Superlative & Prepositions Recap


    • B1 Course – Video 2: Infinitiv mit zu & Place Prepositions for Vacations


    • B1 Course – Video 3: Reflexive Verbs, Vacation Vocab & Subordinating Connectors


    • B1 Course – Video 4: Obwohl Practice, Dative Locations & Nominalisierung


    • B1 Course – Video 5: Camping Vocabulary, aufpassen auf & Travel Role-Play


    • B1 Course – Video 6: Modal Verbs in Präteritum & Nominalisierung


    • B1 Course – Video 7: deshalb vs. sodass & Coordinating vs. Subordinating Connectors


    • B1 Course – Video 8: Technik-Vokabular & lassen + Infinitiv (Causative)


    • B1 Course – Video 9: Genitive Case with Common Nouns


    • B1 Course – Video 10: Genitive Wrap-Up, Demonstrative Artikel & trotz/wegen


    • B1 Course – Video 11: Smart-Home Reading, sodass & the Imperative


    • B1 Course – Video 12: Comparison Expressions & Präteritum


    • B1 Course – Video 13: Präteritum Practice & Temporal Prepositions


    • B1 Course – Video 14: B1 Written Test Session (Vocabulary & Connectors)


    • B1 Course – Video 15: Perfekt Recap, Dative Prepositions, Adjective Endings Without an Article, Compound Nouns


    • B1 Course – Video 16: Genitive Prepositions (während/innerhalb/außerhalb) and Travel Vocabulary


    • B1 Course – Video 17: Konjunktiv II (Subjunctive) – Formation, Irreal Situations, würde


    • B1 Course – Video 18: Job/Application Vocabulary, Konjunktiv II Review, weh tun (Dative)


    • B1 Course – Video 19: Wechsel Verbs (PDTA), SDMA Recap, and Verbs with Fixed Prepositions


    • B1 Course – Video 20: Verbs with Fixed Prepositions Drill, um...zu vs. damit


    • B1 Course – Video 21: um...zu vs. damit, Genitive Review, Connectors, and Verbs with Fixed Prepositions


    • B1 Course – Video 22: Präteritum vs. Partizip II, Komposita, and Fixed-Preposition Verbs in an Environment Reading Text


    • B1 Course – Video 23: Environment/Startup Vocabulary, Opinion Phrases, and Superlative Adjective Endings


    • B1 Course – Video 24: Environment Vocabulary, Weather Terms, and N-Deklination (Weak Masculine Nouns)


    • B1 Course – Video 25: N-Deklination Exceptions and Introduction to Relativsätze


    • B1 Course – Video 26: Relativsätze (Relative Clauses) with Cases and Fixed-Preposition Verbs


    • B1 Course – Video 27: Relative Clauses with Prepositions, Fixed-Preposition Verbs, and a Future-Cities Reading Text


    • B1 Course – Video 28: No Substantive Teaching Content (Silent/Unusable Recording)


    • B1 Course – Video 29: Future Vocabulary, Picture Description, and Plusquamperfekt


    • B1 Course – Video 30: Plusquamperfekt Review, Temporal Prepositions, and nachdem


    • B1 Course – Video 31: Temporal Connectors Review, Comparatives, and a Friendship Reading Text


    • B1 Course – Video 32: nachdem Drill, Fable Vocabulary, and derselbe/dasselbe


    • B1 Course – Video 33: Reflexive Verbs (Dative Table) and brauchen + zu


    • B1 Course – Video 34: Doppelkonnektoren and Formal/Informal Schreiben Conventions


    • B1 Course – Video 35: Clinic Vocabulary, Music & Emotions Text, and Fixed-Preposition Verbs


    • B1 Course – Video 36: Health Vocabulary, gegen vs. für, and Negation with nicht/kein


    • B1 Course – Video 37: Negation Rules, Dative Replacement & Bildbeschreibung Vocabulary


    • B1 Course – Video 38: Kunst-Themed Reading Texts, Dative Verbs & Adjective Endings


    • B1 Course – Video 39: Introduction to Aktiv/Passiv (Active–Passive Voice)


    • B1 Course – Video 40: Passiv – Präteritum, Perfekt, Modalverben & werden/wurden/würden


    • B1 Course – Video 41: Passive Voice Practice + Mini-München Reading Text


    • B1 Course – Video 43: Artikel als Pronomen, Adjektive als Nomen & Test Review


    • B1 Course – Video 44: Relativsätze mit was, wo, woher, wohin


    • B1 Course – Video 45: Artikel als Pronomen Drill & Adjective-Ending Tables Recap


    • B1 Course – Video 46: Irgend-Wörter, Partizip II als Adjektiv & je...desto


    • B1 Course – Video 47: Geld-Redemittel, Banking Vocabulary & Partizip I/II as Adjectives


    • B1 Course – Video 48: Largely Silent Recording (Test Review, nicht-Position Only)


    • B1 Course – Video 49: B2 Wortschatz-Upgrades, Konnektoren & Final Logistics


    • X-Class-Notes Index


    Z-Hobbies

Cover Image for B1 Course Guide: Prepositions
X-Class-Notes

B1 Course Guide: Prepositions

Consolidated guide to German prepositions for telc B1: place/direction and temporal prepositions, genitive prepositions, the Wechselverb PDTA/SDMA case rules, the combined list of verbs with fixed prepositions, and the wo(r)-/da(r)- system.

German
B1
telc
Course Notes
Prepositions
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B1 Course Guide: Cases & Declension

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B1 Course Guide: Connectors & Sentence Structure

Prepositions

This guide consolidates every preposition-related grammar point taught across the B1 course: place and direction prepositions (including vacation/travel vocabulary), temporal prepositions, the three genitive prepositions, the two case rules that apply to verbs with two objects or fixed prepositions (PDTA and SDMA), the combined reference list of verbs with fixed prepositions, and the wo(r)-/da(r)- question/reference-word system.

Place / Direction Prepositions

The three preposition categories (case overview)

Every German preposition falls into one of three fixed groups:

CategoryMembersCase
Always Akkusativfür, um, durch, bis, ohne, gegen, entlangAkkusativ
Always Dativaus, bei, mit, nach, von, zu, seit, ab, gegenüberDativ
Wechsel (two-way)an, auf, in, hinter, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischenDativ (stationary) / Akkusativ (movement) — see SDMA below

Going places: in / nach / zu / durch / an...vorbei / bis (zu) / gegenüber / bei

PrepositionCaseUsed for
inWechselentering a closed space (school, cinema, fitness studio, supermarket, restaurant); also countries that have a gender/article (die Schweiz, der Iran, die USA)
nachDativ (fixed)big cities and countries without an article (Deutschland, Indien); also "after"
zuDativ (fixed)going to a place in general, or to a person/profession, with no emphasis on entering
durchAkkusativ (fixed)moving through an (often enclosed) space — a tunnel, a park
an...vorbeiDativpassing by something without stopping
bisAkkusativ, no articlea general endpoint along a path — there may be more route/time beyond it
bis zuDativ (zu forces dative)the definitive end point — nothing continues beyond it
gegenüberDativ"opposite of / across from"
beiDativ (fixed)being "at" a person's place or profession (bei dem Arzt = at the doctor's)

Examples:

  • Ich gehe ins Kino. / Ich gehe in den Supermarkt. (closed spaces → in)
  • Ich gehe nach Deutschland. (country, no article → nach)
  • Ich gehe in die Schweiz. / Ich gehe in den Iran. (countries with an article → in + Akkusativ)
  • Ich gehe zum Arzt. / Ich gehe zum Chef. (to a person/profession)
  • Ich gehe am Supermarkt vorbei. → I'm passing by the supermarket without stopping.
  • Ich gehe durch den Park.
  • Die Bank ist gegenüber dem Supermarkt. / gegenüber vom Supermarkt. (both acceptable)
  • Gehen Sie bis zur Kreuzung, und dann links. → Go to the intersection, then left. (Kreuzung always pairs with bis zu)
  • Er ist bis zum Abend hier. → He is here until the evening.

Note: in and zu can sometimes both work for the same destination — in implies you went inside; zu is neutral about whether you entered. Neither is "wrong."

Vacation/travel prepositions (water, islands, forests, cities, countryside)

All of these are Wechsel prepositions — Dativ when stationary, Akkusativ when there's movement (see SDMA below). The preposition itself is fixed per noun/place type; only the case shifts.

Place typeNounsPrepositionMovement (Akk.)Stationary (Dat.)
Water bodiesder Strand, das Meer, der/die See, der FlussanIch gehe an den Strand/ans Meer/an den Fluss.Ich bin am Strand/am Meer/am Fluss.
Islandsdie InselaufIch gehe auf die Insel Rügen.Ich bin auf der Insel Rügen.
Forest/mountainsder Wald, der Berg, das GebirgeinIch gehe in den Wald/in den Berg/ins Gebirge.Ich bin im Wald/im Berg/im Gebirge.
Citydie StadtinIch gehe in die Stadt.Ich bin/lebe in der Stadt.
Countrysidedas LandaufIch gehe auf das Land.Ich bin/lebe auf dem Land.

Notes:

  • der See (masculine) = lake; die See (feminine) = sea — gender changes the meaning.
  • If you name an island without the word "Insel," use plain nach: Ich gehe nach Rügen.
  • in den Urlaub gehen (Akkusativ) is a fixed idiomatic movement expression — you don't literally "enter" a vacation, but German still applies Akkusativ as if it were a destination. Contrast with the temporal use im Urlaub sein (Dativ, stationary state of being on vacation).

Temporal (Time) Prepositions

Core rule: Wechsel prepositions default to Dativ for time

The stationary-vs-movement (wo? vs. wohin?) test that governs Wechsel prepositions for place does not apply to time expressions. Time has no physical movement, so whenever a Wechsel preposition (an, in, vor, bis zu, etc.) is attached to a point or duration in time, German always uses Dativ — even in a sentence that otherwise looks like it involves movement.

  • Ich gehe in die Schule. (Akkusativ — physical movement into the building) vs. Ich gehe am Montag ins Kino. — the time part (an + dem Montag → am Montag) is Dativ even though "going to the cinema" sounds like movement.
  • Ich gehe im Juli in den Urlaub. → contrast within one sentence: im Juli (Dativ, time) but in den Urlaub (Akkusativ, fixed idiomatic movement expression).

Fixed Dativ prepositions used for time

These are Dativ everywhere (not just with time), so no Wechsel reasoning is needed:

PrepositionMeaningExample
seitsince / for (duration up to now)Ich lerne seit einem Jahr Deutsch. → I've been learning German for a year.
nachafterNach der Schule gehe ich zur Party. → After school I'm going to the party.
abfrom ... onwardsAb nächster Woche habe ich Ferien. → From next week I have holidays.

Wechsel prepositions that become Dativ for time

PrepositionUseExample
in → im (in + dem)months / seasonsim Juli, im Winter
an → am (an + dem)days of the weekam Montag
vorbefore / agoIch habe vor einer Woche ein Buch gelesen. → I read a book a week ago.
bis zu → bis zum/bis zuruntil/up to a point in time (zu forces Dativ)Ich habe meinen Urlaub bis zum September. → My vacation lasts until September.

bis vs. bis zu

  • bis (alone, Akkusativ, no article) — a general endpoint that could be anywhere along a path/timeline; there may still be more beyond it. Used for directions: "go until/up to the school."
  • bis zu (Dativ) — the endpoint is the actual end; nothing continues beyond it. Use this for the true end of a road, intersection, or time period.
  • Time example: Ich habe meinen Urlaub bis zum September. (the vacation truly ends there)

Genitive Prepositions

Genitive prepositions take the following noun in the genitive case (masculine/neuter nouns add -(e)s; feminine/plural nouns use der). The core set is wegen, trotz, während, innerhalb, außerhalb.

PrepositionMeaningExample
wegenbecause of / due towegen der Technologie → because of [the] technology
trotzdespite(trotz + genitive noun; trotzdem is the related connector, not a preposition)
währendduring / while (simultaneity)während des Unterrichts → during class
innerhalbwithin (time or space)innerhalb einer Stunde → within an hour
außerhalboutside / beyond (time or space)außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten → outside business hours

Genitive ending pattern:

  • der Unterricht (masc.) → während des Unterrichts (add -s)
  • die Prüfung (fem.) → während der Prüfung
  • das Land (neut.) → innerhalb des Landes
  • die Geschäftszeiten (plural) → außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten

Examples:

  • Du darfst während der Prüfung nicht sprechen. → You may not talk during the exam.
  • Wir haben alles innerhalb einer Stunde fertiggemacht. → We finished everything within an hour.
  • Es gibt viele Berge innerhalb des Landes. → There are many mountains within the country.
  • Sie können außerhalb der Geschäftszeiten anrufen. → You can call outside business hours.
  • Bitte parken Sie Ihr Auto außerhalb des Geländes. → Please park your car outside the premises.

während: preposition vs. connector

während can be either a genitive preposition (governs a noun) or a connector (joins two clauses) — both mean "while/during." Test: if a full clause with its own conjugated verb follows, it's a connector; if a genitive noun (or nominalized verb) follows, it's a preposition.

  • As preposition: Während des Aufräumens höre ich Musik. → During the cleaning, I listen to music. (Aufräumen nominalized and genitive: des Aufräumens)
  • As connector: Ich höre Musik, während ich mein Zimmer aufräume. → I listen to music while I clean my room. (full clause, verb aufräume at the end)

bei can informally express a similar "while X-ing" sense (Beim Putzen höre ich Musik.), but bei is a Dativ preposition, not genitive — don't confuse the two.

Wechselverb PDTA and SDMA Rules

Two distinct case rules both involve "Wechsel" (alternating) logic — keep them separate.

PDTA — for verbs with a person AND a thing as objects

Certain verbs (erklären, erzählen, antworten, schreiben, kaufen, singen, etc.) naturally take two objects: a person and a thing.

Rule: PDTA — Person → Dativ, Thing → Akkusativ.

  • Ich schreibe meiner Mutter einen Brief. → I am writing my mother a letter. (Mutter = person → Dativ meiner Mutter; Brief = thing → Akkusativ einen Brief)
  • Ich erzähle meinem Bruder eine Geschichte. → I am telling my brother a story. (Bruder → Dativ meinem; Geschichte → Akkusativ eine)
  • Ich singe meiner Schwester ein Lied. → I am singing my sister a song.

Pronoun replacement and word order (N-D-A family of rules):

  • Both objects as nouns → N-D-A order: Die Lehrerin erklärt den Kindern die Aufgabe.
  • Both objects as pronouns → order flips to Akkusativ-before-Dativ: Sie erklärt sie ihnen. → She explains it to them.
  • One pronoun + one noun → the pronoun always comes first, regardless of its case: Die Lehrerin erklärt ihnen die Aufgabe. / Die Lehrerin erklärt sie den Kindern.

SDMA — for Wechsel prepositions (place)

Rule: SDMA — Stationary → Dativ, Movement → Akkusativ.

  • Ich lege mein Handy auf den Tisch. → I'm placing my phone on the table. (movement → Akkusativ)
  • Das Handy liegt auf dem Tisch. → The phone is lying on the table. (no movement → Dativ)
  • Die Katze geht hinter das Sofa. → The cat is going behind the sofa. (movement → Akkusativ)

When a sentence contains both a verb and a Wechsel preposition, the preposition's SDMA rule wins, regardless of what the verb alone might suggest.

Why PDTA and SDMA never compete

PDTA governs Wechsel verbs with two objects (person + thing). SDMA governs Wechsel prepositions (an, auf, in, hinter...) describing place. They apply to different sentence elements and don't conflict — except that verbs with fixed prepositions (next section) override SDMA entirely when a Wechsel preposition happens to be the verb's fixed partner.

Verbs with Fixed Prepositions (Feste Präpositionen)

A large class of German verbs (the B1 course book lists roughly 70, expanding to several pages by B2) pair with one fixed preposition whose case is also fixed — neither the preposition nor its case can be derived from SDMA/PDTA logic, and the preposition frequently does not match the literal English translation. Misusing the preposition is marked wrong on the exam even if the rest of the sentence is correct.

Key facts:

  • If a fixed-preposition verb happens to use a Wechsel preposition (auf, an, über, in...), the case is Akkusativ about 90% of the time; a smaller set (e.g. teilnehmen an, glauben an) take Dativ as exceptions that must be memorized individually.
  • sich freuen auf and sich freuen über are both Akkusativ, even though neither sentence involves movement — proof that SDMA does not apply once a preposition is fixed to a verb.
  • Some fixed-preposition verbs are optional — the preposition only appears when there's a concrete object for it to attach to. E.g. aufpassen auf + Akk. ("to watch over") needs auf when a noun object follows (Man muss auf seine Kinder aufpassen), but drops auf when a dass-clause follows instead (Man muss aufpassen, dass sie nicht giftig sind) — there's no noun for auf to attach to. Likewise sprechen can stand alone (Ich spreche.) without mit/über.
  • Fixed prepositions also attach to some adjectives (e.g. interessiert sein an + Dativ) and nouns (e.g. Angst haben vor) — this is officially a B2 expansion, but a few high-frequency examples surface at B1. Don't confuse these with verb-with-fixed-preposition items.
  • Easily confused near-synonyms, each taking a different preposition/case:
    • leiden an + Dativ (to suffer from a disease) vs. leiden unter + Dativ (to suffer under/because of, e.g. stress).
    • denken an + Akk. (a brief, passing thought) vs. nachdenken über + Akk. (to ponder/deliberate at length — never an).
    • schreiben an + Akk. (writing to a person) vs. schreiben über + Akk. (writing about a topic).
    • erzählen von + Dativ vs. erzählen über + Akk. (both ≈ "to tell about"; von is the more standard choice).
    • bestehen aus + Dativ (to consist of) vs. bestehen auf + Dativ (to insist on).
    • begegnen + Dativ (to meet by chance/unplanned, more formal) vs. treffen + Akk. (to meet, everyday/planned).
    • mitmachen an + Dativ (to participate in) vs. weitermachen (no preposition — to continue).

Combined reference list

Verb + fixed preposition + case + English meaning, merged and deduplicated from every class drill in the course (videos 19, 20, 22, 27, 35):

German verb + prepositionCaseEnglish meaning
abhängen vonDativto depend on
ausgehen vonDativto proceed from / to assume
(sich) basieren aufDativto be based on
sich heranwagen anAkkusativto dare to approach/tackle
sich amüsieren überAkkusativto be amused about
sich anpassen anAkkusativto adapt/adjust to
sich ärgern überAkkusativto be annoyed about
sich aufregen überAkkusativto get upset/worked up about (works for people or things)
sich auskennen mitDativto be familiar/well versed with
sich basieren aufDativto be based on
sich bedanken beiDativto thank someone
berichten überAkkusativto report on/about
beruhen aufDativto be based on / rest on
sich beschäftigen mitDativto occupy/busy oneself with
sich beschweren überAkkusativto complain about
bestehen ausDativto consist of
bestehen aufDativto insist on
sich beteiligen anDativto take part in
denken anAkkusativto think of/about (brief, passing thought)
nachdenken überAkkusativto ponder/deliberate about (always über, never an)
deuten aufAkkusativto point to / indicate
sich eignen fürAkkusativto be suitable for
sich einigen mit ... aufAkkusativto agree with someone on something
sich einsetzen fürAkkusativto take a stand for / advocate for
sich entscheiden fürAkkusativto decide for/on
sich entschuldigen fürAkkusativto apologize for (something)
sich entschuldigen beiDativto apologize to (someone)
sich erholen vonDativto recover from
sich erinnern anAkkusativto remember (something/someone)
sich erkundigen nachDativto inquire about
erzählen vonDativto tell/narrate about (standard choice)
erzählen überAkkusativto tell/narrate about (also possible)
führen aufAkkusativto lead to / attribute to
sich freuen aufAkkusativto look forward to (future event)
sich freuen überAkkusativto be happy about (already happened)
sich gewöhnen anAkkusativto get used to
gehören zuDativto belong to
sich handeln umAkkusativto be a matter of / concern
sich interessieren fürAkkusativto be interested in
kämpfen für / gegenAkkusativto fight for / against
klicken aufAkkusativto click on
sich konzentrieren aufAkkusativto concentrate on
sich irren inDativto be mistaken about
leiden anDativto suffer from (a disease)
leiden unterDativto suffer under/because of (e.g. stress)
mitmachen anDativto participate in
schreiben anAkkusativto write to (a person)
schreiben überAkkusativto write about (a topic)
sich merken— (reflexive Dativ pronoun)to memorize / commit to memory
sorgen fürAkkusativto ensure / take care of
suchen nachDativto search for
teilnehmen anDativto participate in
träumen vonDativto dream about/of
vertrauenDativto trust
sich vorbereiten aufAkkusativto prepare for
warten aufAkkusativto wait for
zukommen auf/zuDativto approach / come up to someone

Notes on coverage and minor drill inconsistencies: sich erinnern an is consistently Akkusativ (one drill listed "an/Dativ" but this is the well-established Akkusativ exception form); sich freuen auf/über is always Akkusativ (one recap line said "Dativ" — almost certainly a mis-hearing/transcription slip, corrected here). When two case options appear for the same verb (e.g. erzählen von/über), both are genuinely usable with a slight nuance difference noted above.

wo(r)- / da(r)- Words

These replace was + preposition (which is not used in German) for things, and provide a way to refer back to something already mentioned without repeating the noun.

Asking about people vs. things

  • For people: Präposition + wen (Akkusativ) or Präposition + wem (Dativ) — preposition stays separate from the question word.
    • Auf wen freust du dich? → Who are you looking forward to?
    • Mit was für einer Person sprichst du? (separate "was für" pattern, not part of wo(r)-/da(r)-)
  • For things: wo(r) + Präposition — never was + Präposition.
    • Worauf freust du dich? → What are you looking forward to?
    • Wovon träumst du? → What are you dreaming about?
    • Worüber sprecht ihr? → What are you talking about?

The -r- insertion rule

Insert -r- between wo/da and the preposition only if the preposition begins with a vowel (including umlauted vowels a/e/i/o/u) — purely for pronunciation.

Vowel-initial preposition (+ r)Consonant-initial preposition (no r)
Question wordworauf, woran, worüberwovon, womit, wofür
Reference worddarauf, daran, darüberdafür, damit, davon

da(r)- as a back-reference (vs. preposition + pronoun for people)

da(r)- refers back to a non-living/abstract antecedent already mentioned. When the antecedent is a person, use a normal preposition + personal pronoun instead.

  • Ich habe einen Fehler gemacht. Ich entschuldige mich dafür. → I made a mistake. I'm apologizing for it. (thing → dafür, no r since für isn't vowel-initial)
  • Es gibt einen Wettbewerb. Ich nehme daran teil. → There is a competition. I'm participating in it. (teilnehmen an + Dativ; an is vowel-initial → daran)
  • Lara hat den Anruf bekommen, auf den sie eine Woche lang gewartet hat. → "the call she'd been waiting for" — non-living antecedent → warten auf becomes darauf.
  • Contrast — person antecedent: Die Firma hat sich für sie entschieden. → "for her" stays für sie (preposition + personal pronoun), not a da(r)-compound, because the antecedent is a person.
  • Contrast — person antecedent: Sie hat lange mit ihr telefoniert. → mit ihr, not a da(r)-compound, since "ihr" refers to a person.

Important caveat: a da(r)- construction only makes sense with prior context — it cannot open a sentence/exam answer with nothing for "it" to refer back to.

Source Videos

  • video-01-notes.md — place prepositions (in/nach/zu/an...vorbei/durch/gegenüber/bis zu), verbs with fixed prepositions intro, the Wechsel-preposition exception, wo(r)-/preposition+wen/wem question formation
  • video-02-notes.md — vacation/travel prepositions for water bodies, islands, forests/mountains, city vs. countryside (an/auf/in with SDMA)
  • video-05-notes.md — fixed preposition aufpassen (auf) and its optional use, sprechen with optional mit/über
  • video-13-notes.md — temporal prepositions: fixed Dativ (seit/nach/ab), Wechsel-to-Dativ for time (im/am/vor/bis zu), bis vs. bis zu
  • video-16-notes.md — genitive prepositions während/innerhalb/außerhalb, während as preposition vs. connector, bei vs. wegen vs. während
  • video-19-notes.md — Wechselverb PDTA rule, SDMA recap, intro to verbs with fixed prepositions, wo(r)-/da(r)- system and the -r- insertion rule
  • video-20-notes.md — continued drill of verbs with fixed prepositions (case + meaning)
  • video-22-notes.md — verb vs. adjective with fixed preposition, recap list of ~25 fixed-preposition verbs
  • video-27-notes.md — fixed-preposition verbs in relative clauses, begegnen vs. treffen
  • video-35-notes.md — fixed-preposition verbs and da(r)-compounds, leiden an/unter, denken an/nachdenken über, schreiben an/über, erzählen von/über
Hitesh Sahu
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Sun Jun 28 2026

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