Hitesh Sahu
Hitesh SahuHitesh Sahu
  1. Home
  2. ›
  3. notes
  4. ›
  5. …

  6. ›
  7. 0 Adjective

Loading ⏳
Fetching content, this won’t take long…


💡 Did you know?

🦥 Sloths can hold their breath longer than dolphins 🐬.

🍪 This website uses cookies

No personal data is stored on our servers however third party tools Google Analytics cookies to measure traffic and improve your website experience. Learn more

04-Adjective

    00-Overview

    01-Noun

    02-Article

    03-Pronoun

    04-Adjective
    • Adjectives 🎨


    • Degrees of Comparison (Komparation) 📶


    • Fixed Adjective + Preposition — Feste Adjektiv-Präpositionen 🔗


    • Adjective List 📋


    • Adjective Cheat Sheet 🧾


    • 04-Adjective Index


    05-Particles

    06-Verb

    07-Adverb

    08-Preposition

    09-Tense

    10-Sentences

    11-Conjunctions

    12-Sentence-Structure

    13-Konjunktiv

    14-Voice

    Telc-B1

    Telc-Hearing

    Telc-Speaking

    Telc-Writting

    X-Class-Notes

    Z-Hobbies

Cover Image for Adjectives 🎨
04-Adjective

Adjectives 🎨

Learn German Adjectives: Endings, Comparison, and Position in Sentences. A clear guide to adjective declension with rules, examples, and practical tips for everyday speech.

German
Grammar
Adjectives
Language
Learning
Education
← Previous

Fishing Licence in Germany 🎣 – How to Get Your Angelschein

Next →

Prepositions 📍

ADJECTIVE 🎨

An adjective describes a noun—it tells us more about its quality, color, size, etc.

Adjective Used to Avoid Noun Repetition

Adjective replacing noun → takes ending based on gender, case, number

Example:

  • Welchen Kuli kaufst du? – Den blauen oder den schwarzen? Here, “blauen” and “schwarzen” refer to Kuli (masc., accusative)

Adjective Position

German adjectives can appear in three positions.

PositionEnding?Example
After noun (Predicate)❌ NoDer Hund ist groß.
Without nounDependsIch nehme den großen.
Before noun✅ Yesder große Hund

flowchart TD
A["📍 Where is the adjective?"]

    A --> B["After the noun?<br/><br/>Der Hund ist groß"]
    A --> C["Before the noun?<br/><br/>der große Hund"]
    A --> D["Noun omitted?<br/><br/>Ich nehme den großen"]

    B --> B1["❌ No ending"]

    C --> C1["✅ Add adjective ending"]
    D --> D1["✅ Add adjective ending<br/>because the omitted noun is understood"]

    style A fill:#2563eb,color:#fff
    style B fill:#ffeafe,color:#000
    style C fill:#dcfce7,color:#000
    style D fill:#fef3c7,color:#000

1. After a Noun (Predicative)

When the adjective comes after the noun, usually after verbs like sein, werden, or bleiben, it never changes its form.

Common Verbs

  • sein
  • werden
  • bleiben
  • scheinen

Examples

GermanEnglish
Der Hund ist klein.The dog is small.
Das Auto wird schnell.The car becomes fast.
Das Wetter bleibt schön.The weather remains nice.
Die Aufgabe scheint einfach.The task seems easy.
Noun + Verb + Adjective

Der Hund ist klein.

❌ No adjective ending



2. Without a Noun (Nominalized / Replacing the Noun)

Sometimes the noun is omitted because it is already understood. The adjective takes the noun's place and still receives the correct adjective ending.

Examples

Full SentenceWithout the Noun
Ich nehme den blauen Pullover.Ich nehme den blauen.
Welches Auto möchtest du? Das rote Auto.Das rote.
Die kleine Katze schläft.Die Kleine schläft.
Welchen Pullover möchtest du?
--> Den blauen.

Notice that blauen still has the Accusative Masculine ending because it replaces Pullover.


3. Adjective before Noun

When an adjective comes directly before a noun, it takes an ending based on:

Adjective Endings

In German, adjectives get endings depending on:

  • Gender of the noun (masc./fem./neut./plural)
  • Number (singular/plural)
  • Case (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive)

Examples

Only if Adjective is just before the Noun it changes the ending

GermanEnglish
der kleine Hundthe small dog
das rote Autothe red car
eine schöne Stadta beautiful city
mit dem alten Mannwith the old man
Article + Adjective + Noun

der + klein(e) + Hund

Adjective Endings Deep Dive

German adjectives change their endings when they come before a noun.

The ending depends on four things:

  1. 🧑 Gender
  2. 📦 Number
  3. 🎯 Case
  4. 🏷️ Article (or determiner)

There are types of adjective endings:

The Three Patterns

German has three adjective declension patterns.

PatternUsed WhenExample
🟢 Weak DeclensionAfter a definite articleder große Hund
🔴 Strong DeclensionNo articlegroßer Hund
🔵 Mixed DeclensionAfter an indefinite articleein großer Hund
flowchart TD
    A{Is there an article?}

    A -->|❌ No| B["🔴 Strong Declension<br/><b>No Article</b><br/>großer Hund"]

    A -->|✅ Yes| C{Which article?}

    C -->|Definite<br/>der, die, das| D["🟢 Weak Declension<br/>der große Hund"]

    C -->|Indefinite / Possessive<br/>ein, mein, dein, kein...| E["🔵 Mixed Declension<br/>ein großer Hund"]

1 🟢 Weak Declension (Definite Article)

The article already shows the gender, case, and number.

  • The article does most of the work.
  • Therefore, the adjective usually takes simple endings.

Used after

  • der
  • die
  • das
  • den
  • dem
  • des

Endings Only

Only Nominative Singular uses -e.

Everything else is usually -en.

Case🟦 Masculine🟨 Neuter🟥 Feminine🟩 Plural
👤 Nominative-e-e-e-en
🎯 Accusative-en-e-e-en
🎁 Dative-en-en-en-en
🧩 Genitive-en-en-en-en

Examples

Case🟦 Masculine🟥 Feminine🟨 Neuter🟩 Plural
👤 Nominativeder große Hunddie schöne Blumedas kleine Kinddie alten Häuser
🎯 Accusativeden großen Hunddie schöne Blumedas kleine Kinddie alten Häuser
🎁 Dativedem großen Hundder schönen Blumedem kleinen Kindden alten Häusern
🧩 Genitivedes großen Hundesder schönen Blumedes kleinen Kindesder alten Häuser

Examples

GermanEnglish
der große Hundthe big dog
die schöne Blumethe beautiful flower
das kleine Kindthe small child
mit dem alten Mannwith the old man

2. 🔴 Strong Declension (No Article)

There is no article, so the adjective must show the gender, case, and number by itself.

  • No article
  • The adjective does all the work.

The adjective carries almost all the grammatical information.

Endings chart

Case🟦 Masculine🟨 Neuter🟥 Feminine🟩 Plural
👤 Nom-er-es-e-e
🎯 Akk-en-es-e-e
🎁 Dat-em-em-er-en
🧩 Gen-en-en-er-er

Example

Case🟦 Masculine🟨 Neuter🟥 Feminine🟩 Plural
👤 Nominativegroßer Hundkleines Kindschöne Blumealte Häuser
🎯 Accusativegroßen Hundkleines Kindschöne Blumealte Häuser
🎁 Dativegroßem Hundkleinem Kindschöner Blumealten Häusern
🧩 Genitivegroßen Hundeskleinen Kindesschöner Blumealter Häuser

Examples

GermanEnglish
Großer Hundbig dog
Schöne Blumenbeautiful flowers
mit kaltem Wasserwith cold water
wegen starken Regensbecause of heavy rain

3. 🔵 Mixed Declension (Indefinite Article)

The article gives some information, so the adjective supplies the missing information.

  • Article give some info
  • The adjective helps the article.

Articles

  • ein
  • eine
  • einen
  • einem
  • eines
  • kein
  • meine
  • dein
  • sein
  • ihr
  • unser
  • euer

Where ein has no ending, the adjective takes a strong ending.

Otherwise, it behaves like the weak declension.

Endings Only

Mixed = Strong (only 3 cells) + Weak (everything else)

Notice that Masculine Nominative, Neuter Nominative, and Neuter Accusative use strong endings.

Everything else behaves like the Weak Declension.

Case🟦 Masculine🟨 Neuter🟥 Feminine🟩 PluralPattern
👤 Nominative-er-es-e-ennormal
🎯 Accusative-en-es-e-ennormal except Nom Mus -en
🎁 Dative-en-en-en-enall -en
🧩 Genitive-en-en-en-enall -en

Examples

Case🟦 Masculine🟥 Feminine🟨 Neuter🟩 Plural
👤 Nominativeein großer Hundeine schöne Blumeein kleines Kindkeine alten Häuser
🎯 Accusativeeinen großen Hundeine schöne Blumeein kleines Kindkeine alten Häuser
🎁 Dativeeinem großen Hundeiner schönen Blumeeinem kleinen Kindkeinen alten Häusern
🧩 Genitiveeines großen Hundeseiner schönen Blumeeines kleinen Kindeskeiner alten Häuser

Rule of thumb:

  • Mas./Neut. Genitive → -en (exception)
  • Dative plural → -en (common with prepositions like mit, bei)

Examples

GermanEnglish
ein großer Hunda big dog
eine schöne Blumea beautiful flower
ein kleines Kinda small child
mit einem alten Mannwith an old man

Special Determiners

Some words behave like articles, so adjectives follow the mixed declension pattern.

Examples

  • mein
  • dein
  • sein
  • ihr
  • unser
  • euer
  • Ihr
  • kein
GermanEnglish
mein neues Automy new car
dein kleiner Hundyour small dog
kein großer Fehlerno big mistake
unsere schöne Stadtour beautiful city
WordDeclension ruleExample
allelike definite articlemit allen Freunden
viele, wenige, einige, mehrere, anderestrong endingsviele Leute, mit einigen Freunden

✅ Examples:
  1. Wie schnell fährt der neue Zug?
  2. Ich kaufe ein teures Auto(n).
  3. Meine alte Uhr funktioniert nicht mehr.
  4. Kommen Sie zu einem neuen Büro!
  5. Wo ist mein neuer (m) Anzug ?
  6. Hohe Berge(pl) finde ich sehr interessant. --> as ohne
  7. wo kann man hier frisches [n] Obst kaufen?
  8. Ich komme aus einer kleinen Stadt.
  9. Das kleine Kind sitzt auf der Bank.
  10. Die anderen Leute sind im Restaurant gegangen

More Examples

  1. Ich trage die schwarze Krawatte und das rote Hemd.
  2. Ich gehe mit deinem nett Freund spazieren.
  3. Meine neue Jacke ist sehr bequem.
  4. Ein kleiner Hund sitzt vor der Haustür.
  5. Wir können hier frischen Käse kaufen.
  6. Das Restaurant hat Kaltes Essen.
  7. Kleine Kinder sind immer freundlich.
  8. Die Familie freut sich sehr über das schöne Wetter.
  9. Er spricht mit den freundlichen Touristen über die schöne Stadt.
  10. Deutsches Brot schmeckt immer gut.
  11. Das Auto von einem alten Mann hatte einen Unfall.
  12. Wir kaufen frische Äpfel.
  13. sie trinkt gern heißen Tee.
  14. Der blaue Teppich ist ganz schön.
  15. Ich trage eine Schwarze Krawatte und ein rotes Hemd.

See Degrees of Comparison for Positiv/Komparativ/Superlativ, the als/so...wie comparisons, declined comparatives before a noun, and the full list of irregular forms.


Participles as Adjectives

Both participles can stand before a noun and take normal adjective endings

They just describe the noun using a verb's meaning instead of a plain adjective.

TypeGermanEnglishMeaningruleExample
🏃💨Partizip IPresent ParticipleOngoing or active actionVerb + dlachend, spielend
🚶✅Partizip IIPast ParticipleCompleted action or resulting statege+ verb+ tgelacht, gespielt,
flowchart LR
    A["⏳ Ongoing"] --> B["✅ Finished"]

    A --> C["🏃 Partizip I"]
    B --> D["🚶 Partizip II"]

    C --> E["spielend"]

    D --> F["gespielt"]

1. Partizip I (Present Participle)

the noun is doing the action (active, ongoing) → "-ing".

  • Used like "...-ing" in English. Describes something currently doing the action.

Formation of Partizip I

🧠 Partizip I is formed by adding -d to the infinitive.

Example: Infinitive + -d,

VerbPartizip IMeaning
lachenlachendlaughing
spielenspielendplaying
arbeitenarbeitendworking
lernenlernendlearning
schlafenschlafendsleeping
laufenlaufendrunning
schreibenschreibendwriting

Use as Adjective

VerbPartizip IAs adjective
lachen (to laugh)lachenddas lachende Kind → the laughing child
schlafen (to sleep)schlafenddie schlafende Katze → the sleeping cat
spielen (to play)spielenddie spielenden Kinder → the playing children
weinen (to cry)weinendder weinende Mann → the crying man

2. Partizip II (Past Participle)

The action was done to the noun (passive, completed)

  • Used like "...-ed" in English. Describes something took place in the past.

Formation of Partizip II

🧠 Partizip I is formed by adding ge- to the infinitive and ending based on verb type

Verb TypeRuleExample
Weakge- + stem + -tmachen → gemacht
Strongge- + stem + -enschreiben → geschrieben
Mixedge- + stem + -t (often vowel change)bringen → gebracht
flowchart TD
    A["Verb"]

    A --> B["🧩 Regular/ Weak Verbs"]
    A --> C["🌀 Irregular Verbs / Strong Verbs"]
    A --> D["🍜  Mixed Verbs"]

    B --> E["ge + stem + t"]

    C --> F["ge + stem + en"]

    D --> G["ge + vowel change + t"]

    E --> H["machen → gemacht"]

    F --> I["schreiben → geschrieben"]

    G --> J["bringen → gebracht"]

Use as Adjective

Describes something that has had the action done to it.

VerbPartizip IIAs adjective
kochen (to cook)gekochtdas gekochte Ei → the cooked egg
schließen (to close)geschlossendie geschlossene Tür → the closed door
kaputt machen / brechengebrochendas gebrochene Glas → the broken glass
reparieren (to repair)repariertdas reparierte Auto → the repaired car

Declension

Both participles decline exactly like a regular adjective

apply the same der-/ein-/no-article ending tables from earlier in this note.

  • Das lachende Kind spielt im Garten. (Nom., das + -e)
  • Ich sehe das lachende Kind. (Akk., neuter → -e)
  • Wir sprechen mit dem lachenden Kind. (Dat. → -en)
  • Sie isst ein gekochtes Ei. (ein + neuter Akk. → -es)
  • Geschlossene Geschäfte ärgern die Touristen. (no article, plural → -e)

Nominalized Adjectives : Adjektive als Nomen

A nominalized adjective is an adjective that functions as a noun.

Instead of describing a noun, the adjective becomes the noun.

Rules

  • ✅ Capitalized like a noun
  • ✅ Still follows adjective declension
  • ✅ Keeps adjective endings
  • ❌ Does not take normal noun endings

Two Main Types

TypeArticleRefers toExample
👤 Peopleder / die / einA person or group of peopleder Alte
💡 Things / IdeasdasAn abstract quality or conceptdas Gute

1. 👤 People

Used when the adjective replaces a noun referring to a person.

Rules

  1. Adjective capitalized like a noun

  2. Adjective still decline like adjectives, not like normal nouns:

For example:

  • die Alte → feminine
  • ein Alter → indefinite masculine

Compare:

CaseNormal AdjectiveNominalized Adjective
Nominativder alte Mannder Alte
Akkusativden alten Mannden Alten
Dativdem alten Manndem Alten

Examples

AdjectiveNominalized (person)Example
alt (old)der Alte / die AlteDer Alte sitzt auf der Bank. → The old man sits on the bench.
arbeitslos (unemployed)der/die ArbeitsloseDie Arbeitslose sucht eine Stelle. → The unemployed woman is looking for a job.
krank (sick)der/die KrankeDer Kranke braucht Ruhe. → The sick person needs rest.
obdachlos (homeless)der/die ObdachloseWir helfen den Obdachlosen. → We help the homeless.
fremd (foreign)der/die FremdeEin Fremder stand vor der Tür. → A stranger stood at the door.

2. 💡 Abstract Qualities & Ideas

Used when the adjective represents an idea, quality, or concept.

Rule

  1. Usually with das.
  2. The nominalized adjective is neuter.
  3. It is normally singular when referring to an abstract concept.
  4. The adjective is capitalized and keeps its adjective ending.

Example:

Very common with etwas, nichts, viel, and superlatives.

PatternExample
das + Adjektivdas Gute daran ist... → the good thing about it is...
etwas + Adjektiv (-es)Das ist etwas Neues. → That's something new.
nichts + Adjektiv (-es)Es gibt nichts Besonderes. → There's nothing special.
superlative + AdjektivDas Beste kommt noch. → The best is yet to come.
  • Das Wichtigste ist, dass du gesund bist. → The most important thing is that you're healthy.
  • Ich habe etwas Interessantes gelesen. → I read something interesting.

Examples

  • Das Gute daran ist, dass es kostenlos ist.
    → The good thing about it is that it is free.

  • Das Wichtigste ist, dass du gesund bist.
    → The most important thing is that you're healthy.

  • Das Beste kommt noch.
    → The best is yet to come.

  • Ich habe etwas Interessantes gelesen.
    → I read something interesting.

  • Das ist etwas Neues.
    → That's something new.

  • Es gibt nichts Besonderes.
    → There is nothing special.


Adjectives Topics 🎨

    1. What is an adjective?
  1. Adjective Position
  • Before a noun
  • After a noun
  • Without a noun
  1. Adjective Endings
  • Definite article
  • Indefinite article
  • No article
  • Special determiners
  1. Comparison — see Degrees of Comparison
  • Positive
  • Comparative
  • Superlative
  • Comparison before a noun
  1. Partizip I & II as adjectives
  2. Nominalized adjectives
  3. Adjectives with prepositions — see Fixed Adjective + Preposition
  4. Common adjective families
  5. Common mistakes
  6. Cheat Sheet — see Adjective Cheat Sheet

🎯 Focus per level:

  • A1: Basic descriptive adjectives
  • A2: Comparative (größer), superlative (am größten)
  • B1-B2: Declension rules (strong/weak/mixed), adjective placement

Related: Degrees of Comparison · Fixed Adjective + Preposition · Adjective List · Adjective Cheat Sheet · Cases · Adverbs · Grammar Roadmap

Hitesh Sahu
Written by Hitesh Sahu, a passionate developer and blogger.

Fri Jan 23 2026

Share This on

← Previous

Fishing Licence in Germany 🎣 – How to Get Your Angelschein

Next →

Prepositions 📍

04-Adjective/0-Adjective
Let's work together
hiteshkrsahu@gmail.com
Munich 🥨, Germany 🇩🇪, EU
Playstore
Hitesh Sahu's apps on Google Play Store
Need Help?
Let's Connect
Navigation
  Home/About
  Skills
  Work/Projects
  Lab/Experiments
  Contribution
  Awards
  Art/Sketches
  Thoughts
  Contact
Links
  Sitemap
  Legal Notice
  Privacy Policy

Made with

NextJS logo

NextJS by

hitesh Sahu

| © 2026 All rights reserved.