Separable & Inseparable Verbs (Trennbare & Untrennbare Verben) š°ļø
Learn German separable verbs (trennbare Verben) and their common prefixes, inseparable verbs (untrennbare Verben) and their fixed prefixes (be-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-), and how word order for both changes across a normal sentence, with a modal verb, and in a dependent clause.
š° Trennbare & šø Untrennbare Verben
1. Trennbare :: Separable Verbs š°
A separable verb consists of a main verb and a separable prefix.
In certain sentence structures, the prefix separates from the verb.
| Case | What happens | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Normal sentence | Verb splits: prefix goes to the end | Ich stehe früh auf. |
| With modal verb | Verb stays together (infinitive form) | Ich will früh aufstehen. |
| In dependent clause | Verb stays together (conjugated form) | Ich weiĆ, dass er früh aufsteht. |
2. Untrennbare Verben :: Inseparable Prefixes šø
Untrennbare Verben (inseparable verbs) are verbs with a prefix that always stays attached to the main verb.
- The prefix never separates from the verb.
Sentence Formation Rules
1. In a normal sentence
In a normal main clause
- Separable: prefix moves to the end.
- Inseparable: prefix stays attached to the verb.
| Type | Rule | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trennbar (Separable) | Prefix splits in main clause | Ich stehe früh auf. | I get up early. |
| Untrennbar (Inseparable) | Prefix stays attached | Ich verstehe dich. | I understand you. |
1.1 Separable Verb
- the verb stem is conjugated
- separable prefix moves to the end.
Examples:
- Ich
rufemeine Mutteran - Wir
ladendie Frauein - Ich
steheum 6 Uhrauf-- I wake up at 6 o'clock - Der Zug
kommtum 4 Uhran-- The train comes at 4 o'clock
1.2. Inseparable Verbs
- the verb is conjugated as one complete word
- the prefix stays attached
- the prefix does not move to the end
Examples:
- Ich
verstehemeine Mutter. - Wir
bekommenheute Besuch. - Ich
empfehledieses Restaurant. ā I recommend this restaurant. - Er
vergisstseinen Schlüssel. ā He forgets his key. - Sie
erreichtden Bahnhof um 6 Uhr. ā She reaches the station at 6 o'clock.
2. With a Modal Verb
When a modal verb (like wollen, müssen, sollen, können, etc.) is present,
Separable / Inseparable Verb
- the modal verb is conjugated and comes in second position.
- The main verb stays at the end, in its infinitive form (unchanged).
- The prefix and the verb stay together (not separated).
Example Separable
| German | English |
|---|---|
| Ich will meine Mutter anrufen. | I want to call my mother. |
| Wir müssen die Frau einladen. | We have to invite the woman. |
| Du musst um 6 Uhr aufstehen. | You must get up at 6 o'clock. |
| Der Zug soll um 5 Uhr ankommen. | The train is supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. |
Examples Inseparable
| German | English |
|---|---|
| Ich muss die Frage verstehen. | I have to understand the question. |
| Wir wollen das Problem lƶsen. | We want to solve the problem. |
| Du kannst deine Prüfung bestehen. | You can pass your exam. |
| Er soll seine Mutter besuchen. | He is supposed to visit his mother. |
| Sie mƶchte den Termin bestƤtigen. | She would like to confirm the appointment. |
3. Dependent clauses or after conjunctions
When the verb moves to the end of the sentence (for example, after weil, dass, etc.),
Separable / Inseparable Verb
- The prefix never separates: a separable verb stays together as one word and is not split.
- The complete verb is conjugated as one word.
- The conjugated verb goes to the end of the dependent clause.
Example Separable
| German | English |
|---|---|
| Ich weiĆ, dass der Zug um 5 Uhr ankommt. | I know that the train arrives at 5 o'clock. |
| Er sagt, dass er seine Mutter anruft. | He says that he calls his mother. |
| Wir glauben, dass sie um 6 Uhr aufsteht. | We believe that she gets up at 6 o'clock. |
| Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich morgen früh aufstehe. | I stay at home because I get up early tomorrow. |
| Wenn der Bus pünktlich ankommt, können wir sofort losfahren. | If the bus arrives on time, we can leave immediately. |
Example Inseparable
| German | English |
|---|---|
| Ich weiĆ, dass er mich versteht. | I know that he understands me. |
| Sie sagt, dass sie den Termin vergisst. | She says that she forgets the appointment. |
| Wir wissen, dass er die Prüfung besteht. | We know that he passes the exam. |
| Er glaubt, dass sie das Paket bekommt. | He believes that she receives the package. |
| Ich weiĆ, weil er die Situation erklƤrt. | I know because he explains the situation. |
4. Perfect Tense
| Verb Type | Partizip II | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Separable | prefix + ge + verb | auf ā aufgestanden |
| Inseparable | prefix + verb, no ge | ver ā verstanden |
Separable Verbs
With a separable verb, the prefix stays attached to the verb in the Partizip II.
Pattern
Separable prefix + ge + verb stem + ending
Examples:
- auf + ge + standen ā aufgestanden
- an + ge + kommen ā angekommen
- ein + ge + kauft ā eingekauft
Example:
| Infinitive | Partizip II | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| aufstehen | aufgestanden | Ich bin früh aufgestanden. | I got up early. |
| ankommen | angekommen | Der Zug ist pünktlich angekommen. | The train arrived on time. |
| anrufen | angerufen | Ich habe meine Mutter angerufen. | I called my mother. |
| einkaufen | eingekauft | Wir haben gestern eingekauft. | We went shopping yesterday. |
| aufmachen | aufgemacht | Er hat die Tür aufgemacht. | He opened the door. |
Inseparable Verbs
With an inseparable verb, ge- is NOT added.
| Verb Type | Partizip II | ge- |
|---|---|---|
| Separable | auf + ge + standen ā aufgestanden | ā Yes |
| Inseparable | ver + standen ā verstanden | ā No |
- verstehen ā verstanden
Example:
| Infinitive | Partizip II | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| verstehen | verstanden | Ich habe dich verstanden. | I understood you. |
| vergessen | vergessen | Ich habe den Termin vergessen. | I forgot the appointment. |
| bekommen | bekommen | Sie hat eine Nachricht bekommen. | She received a message. |
| empfehlen | empfohlen | Er hat mir das Restaurant empfohlen. | He recommended the restaurant to me. |
| zerstƶren | zerstƶrt | Der Sturm hat das Haus zerstƶrt. | The storm destroyed the house. |
Common Separable Prefixes
| Prefix | Meaning / Idea | Example Verb | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ab- | away, off, down | abfahren | to depart |
| an- | on, at, begin | anfangen | to start |
| auf- | up, open | aufstehen | to get up |
| aus- | out, from | ausgehen | to go out |
| bei- | along, contribute | beibringen | to teach |
| ein- | in, into | einsteigen | to get in |
| mit- | with, along | mitkommen | to come along |
| nach- | after, follow | nachdenken | to think about |
| vor- | before, forward | vorbereiten | to prepare |
| zu- | to, towards, closed | zumachen | to close |
| zurück- | back | zurückkommen | to come back |
| weiter- | further, continue | weitergehen | to continue |
| weg- | away | weggehen | to go away |
| fern- | distance | fernsehen | to watch TV |
| los- | begin, start off | losgehen | to get going |
| fest- | firm, fixed | festhalten | to hold tight |
| heim- | home | heimkommen | to come home |
| her- | towards (speaker) | herkommen | to come here |
| hin- | away (from speaker) | hingehen | to go there |
| rüber- | over (across) | rüberkommen | to come over |
| vorbei- | past, by | vorbeigehen | to walk past / go by |
| zusammen- | together | zusammenarbeiten | to work together |
| statt- | take place | stattfinden | to take place / happen |
Dual Prefixes (Separable or Inseparable)
| Prefix | Meaning / Idea | Example Verb | English Meaning | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| um- | around, over, re- | umsteigen | to change (trains, buses) | ā ļø Can also be inseparable (e.g., umarmen = to hug) |
| durch- | through | durchsehen | to look through / check | ā ļø Can also be inseparable (e.g., durchleben = to live through) |
šø Inseparable Prefixes
Untrennbare Verben ā Inseparable Prefixes
| Prefix | Meaning / Idea | Example Verb | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| be- | affect / make something have | bekommen | to receive |
| emp- | receive, feel | empfehlen | to recommend |
| ent- | remove, escape | entfernen | to remove |
| er- | result, achieve, begin | erreichen | to reach, achieve |
| ge- | result, collective | gefallen | to please |
| miss- | wrongly, badly | missverstehen | to misunderstand |
| ver- | change, away, error | vergessen | to forget |
| zer- | destroy, break apart | zerstƶren | to destroy |
**Related: ** Verbs Overview Ā· Subordinating Conjunctions Ā· Sentence Structure
